问题 问答题 简答题

王国维论词的“境界”说的内涵是什么?

答案

参考答案:

王国维最具代表性的文学理论批评著作是《人间词话》,贯穿其中的理论核心是“境界”说。《人间词话》开宗明义提出:“词以境界为最上。有境界则自成高格,自有名句。”关于境界说的美学特征的内涵,王国维在《人间词话》里有具体说明:首先,“境界”具有言外之味,弦外之响,体现出了“言有尽而义无穷”的美学特色。其次,指出“境界”、“意境”具有真实自然之美。他说:“大家之作,„„其词脱口而出,无娇柔妆束之态。以其所见者真,所知者深也。”又说:“能写真景物、真感情者,谓之有境界。否则谓之无境界。”不仅要求内容方面的情景之真,而且要求艺术表现方面自然传神,造语平淡,尽弃人为造作之痕迹。惟其如此,作品方能具有“不隔”的自然真切之美。另外,同是体现出自然真切之美的作品,王国维又从美学上根据作者主观介入程度的差异而区分“有我之境”和“无我之境”,并且概括说明两种境界的基本形态的美学特征是“一优美,一宏壮也”。王国维继承和融会了钟嵘、司空图、严羽、王夫之、王士禛等人的理论,同时接受了西方美学的影响,创造了境界说,因而标志着中国古代文学理论开始向现代转换。

阅读理解

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     Will Chips One Day Be Planted In Our Bodies For Identification?

     A US doctor has planted under his skin a computer chip (芯片)that can send personal information to

 a scanner (扫描仪). It's a technology that may someday be widely used as a way to identify (识别)

 people. The chip gives off information which will be scanned by a hand-held reader.

     The chip is similar to that planted in more than 1 million dogs, cats and other pets in recent years to

  track (跟踪) and identify them.

     The doctor decided to test the chip himself after the World Trade Center disaster (灾难). The dead

 could have been identified if their names and other important information had been chipped.

     Officials of the company said they hope to sell the chips to patients with man-made arms or legs or

  other body parts. The idea is that the chip will provide immediate and correct medical information when it

  is needed.

     The information can contain (包括) name, telephone number and other information. Or it can send out 

 a message that, when connected to a computer, can call up records. The scanner can read it through

  clothes from over a meter away. The new product also could be used to control prisoners. Workplaces

  of great importance may want to use the chips for employees, too. Some parents may consider planting

 chips in young children or elderly relatives who may be unable to say their names, addresses or telephone

  numbers.

     Some medical and technology specialists (专家) said the product raises new questions about the

 relationship between humans and computer technology and could cause problems if it is used against some

 one's wishes, or if your personal information is read by those who should not see it.

1. According to the passage, computer chips have already been used to _____.

    A. catch escaped prisoners

    B. find missing children

    C. follow lost animals  

    D. treat sick people

2. The doctor decided to test the chips himself because he believed that _____.

    A. nobody would dare to try it

    B. they can be used for identification purposes (目的)

    C. it has been proved successful on animals

    D. his patients expected him to experience it first

3. Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?

    A. This chip has been proved to be very successful.

    B. The use of this chip will be favored by everybody.

    C. There will be a great market for chip planting in humans.

    D. Doctors will make good money by using chips.

4. What problem may be caused by planting chips in the human body?

    A. People will be controlled by computers.

    B. Computers could send out wrong information.

    C. Chips can be the cause of diseases.

    D. Information may be used improperly.

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