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试述温差起电原理?利用温差起电理论说明云的荷电结构(用雹块与冰晶摩擦说明)?

答案

参考答案:

温差起电原理:在强对流天气系统中,一方面冰晶与、雹粒、过冷水滴,在对流气流的携带下相互碰撞、相互摩擦增温,另一方面水滴冻结时有潜热释放,在云中产生温差。所示。冻结的冰晶、雹粒和过冷水滴的起电是由于水滴内存在有径向的温度梯度(中心部位为00C,水滴表面为低于零度的环境温度),冰中有一小部分的分子处于电离状态,形成较轻的H+和较重的羟基OH-离子,其浓度随温度升高而很快增加,温度高(热)的地方离子浓度大,温度低(冷)的地方离子浓度低,H+离子的扩散系数和迁移率比OH-离子要大10倍以上。因此当冰中有温度梯度时,将出现离子浓度梯度,使热端有较高的正、负离子,沿此浓度梯度向冷端扩散。H+离子扩散得快,导致正负离子分离,使冷端获得净正电荷电量,而热的一端为净的负电荷。在云中受重力作用,发生分离,带正电荷的冰晶随气流上升至云体上部,而带负电荷的雹粒因重力沉降至云下部,形成云体上部为正电荷区,云体下部为负电荷区。现正过冷液滴与雹接触,过冷液体一旦有了固态的凝结核,就会发生相变,由液态变为固态,即冰,它将包在作为凝结核的雹粒上,同时放出潜热,过冷液滴内部因潜热而膨胀,造成已凝结的外层冰壳的破裂而产生冰屑,由于热电效应,这些冰屑是带正电的,它们较小而轻,易被上升气流携至云的上部,所以积雨云的上部积聚起大量的正电荷,也低,利用温差起电理论说明云的荷电结构(用雹块与冰晶摩擦说明):雹粒系雹胚碰冻云中过冷水滴增长而成,表面较为粗糙,在它降落过程中,云中的冰晶与它碰撞摩擦增温,使雹粒中出现冷暖温差。由于冰的热电效应,温度高的雹粒带负电荷,温度较低的冰晶带正电荷。在云中受重力作用,发生分离,带正电荷的冰晶随气流上升至云体上部,而带负电荷的雹粒因重力沉降至云下部,形成云体上部为正电荷区,云体下部为负电荷区。

阅读理解

Without proper planning,tourism can cause problems.For example,too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of the country.If tourists create too much traffic,the inhabitants become annoyed and unhappy.They begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely.They forget how much tourism can help the country’s economy.It is important to think about the people of a destination (旅行目的地) country and how tourism affects them.Tourism should help a country keep the customs and beauty that attract tourists.Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants

Too much tourism can be a problem.If tourism grows too quickly,people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry.This means that other parts of the country’s economy can suffer.

On the other hand,if there is not enough tourism,people can lose jobs.Businesses can also lose money.It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels.Airports,first-class roads,and other support facilities (配套设施) needed by tourist attractions.For example,a major international class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build.If this room is not used most of the time,the owners of the hotel will lose money.

Building a hotel is just a beginning.There must be many other support facilities as well,including roads to get to the hotel,electricity,sewers (下水道) to handle waste,and water.All of these support facilities cost money.If they are not used because there are not enough tourists,jobs and money are lost.

小题1:Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?

A.It is extremely important to develop tourism.

B.Building roads and hotels is important.

C.Support facilities are highly necessary.

D.Planning is of great importance to tourism.小题2:The underlined word “inhabitants” (in Paragraph 1) probably means ______.

A.citizens

B.passengers

C.population

D.tourists小题3:Too much tourism can cause all these problems EXCEPT _______.

A.a bad effect on other industries

B.a change of tourists’ customs

C.over-crowdedness of places of interest

D.pressure on traffic小题4:It can be inferred from the text that _______.

A.the author doesn’t like tourism developing so fast.

B.local people will benefit from tourist attraction.

C.people will lose jobs because of the development of tourism.

D.we shouldn’t build support facilities needed by tourist attractions .小题5:The author thinks it is good for local people to know that tourism will _____.

A.waste a lot of money

B.weaken their economy

C.help establish (确立) their customs

D.help improve their life

多项选择题