问题 问答题 简答题

什么是机遇?它在科学发现和技术发明中有什么作用?试举出科学史上若干著名的机遇事件。

答案

参考答案:

机遇:在科学实践过程中,由于意外事件导致科学上的新发现,称为机遇。它的最大特点就是意外性。

作用:

(1)机遇能够为新知识的增长提供重要线索,由此开辟新的研究领域,从而成为新理论的先导。例如,弗莱明偶然发现青霉素,导致药物化学理论的产生和发展;巴斯德偶然发明了免疫法,导致医学免疫学理论的产生和发展;伦琴和伯克勒尔偶然发现放射现象,导致原子核物理学理论的产生和发展。

(2)机遇能够为科学技术发明提供线索。例如,从奥斯特在偶然中发现电和磁之间的联系之后,法拉第进行了磁转化为电的研究,终于导致1831年以后电子技术的迅速发展,电动机代替了蒸汽机。

(3)机遇能够加快研究进程达到预期目的。如袁隆平杂交水稻研究中野生雄性不育系原种的发现史的杂交水稻研究成为现实;

(4)机遇能够离开原来的方向和目的而作出更有价值的发现。如伦琴发现X射线,贝克勒尔发现放射性。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied mainly on print and radio to promote their products and services. The advent of television (1) a revolution in product and service. Between 1949 and 1951, advertising on television grew 960 percent. Today the Internet is once again (2) promotion. By going online, companies can communicate instantly and directly with prospective customers. (3) on the World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships, and sales promotions (4) sweepstakes, contests, coupons, and rebates. In 1996 World Wide Web advertising revenues (5) $ 300 million.

Effective online marketers don’t (6) transfer hard-copy ads to cyberspace. (7) sites blend promotional and non-promotional information indirectly delivering the advertising messages. To (8) visits to their sites and to create and (9) customer loyalty, companies change information frequently and provide many opportunities for (10) .

A prototype for excellent (11) promotion is the Ragu Web site. Here visitors can find thirty-six pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film festival, (12) they will find no traditional ads. (13) subtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know an advertising message has been (14) . Sega of America, maker of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a (15) of different promotions, such as (16) new game characters to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to (17) games. Sega’s home page averages 250,000 visits a day. To heighten interest in the site, Sega bought an advertising banner on Netscape (18) increasing site visits by 15 percent. Online (19) in Quaker Oats’ Gatorade promotion received a free T-shirt in exchange for answering a few questions. Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion created product (20) and helped the company know its customers better.

19()

A.customers

B.addicts

C.participants

D.marketers