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倪孝廉者年逾四旬素以灯窗思虑之劳伤及脾气时有呕吐之证过劳即发余常以理阴煎温胃饮之属随饮即愈一日于暑末时因连日交际致劳心脾遂上为吐血下为泄血俱大如手片或紫或红其多可畏急以延余而余适他往复延一时名者云此因劳而火起心脾兼以暑令正旺而二火相济所以致此乃与以犀角地黄童便知母之属药及两剂其吐愈甚脉益紧数困惫垂危彼医云此其脉证俱逆原无生理不可为也其子惶惧复至恳余因往视之则形势俱剧第以素契不可辞乃用人参熟地干姜甘草四味大剂与之初服毫不为动次服觉呕恶稍止而脉中微有生意乃复加附子炮姜各二钱人参熟地各一两白术四钱炙甘草一钱茯苓二钱黄昏与服竟得大睡直至四鼓复进之而呕止血亦止遂大加温补调理旬日而复健如故余初用此药适一同道者在见之惊骇莫测其谓及其既愈乃始心服曰向使不有公在必为童便犀角黄连知母之所毙而人仍归誉于前医曰彼原说脉证俱逆本不可治终是识高见到人莫及也嗟嗟夫童便最能动呕犀角知连最能败脾时当二火而证非二火此人此证以劳倦伤脾而脾胃阳虚气有不摄所以动血再用寒凉脾必败而死矣倘以此杀人而反以此得誉天下不明之事类多如此亦何从而辨白哉此后有史姓等数人皆同此证予悉用六味回阳饮活之此实至理而人以为异故并纪焉(张介宾《景岳全书·杂证谟·倪孝廉》)

张氏据以辨证的依据是什么?

答案

参考答案:张氏据以辨证的依据是:素体劳倦伤脾、脾胃阳虚;误用寒凉药物使病情加重。

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Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.