问题 问答题 论述题

试述叙事节奏与时间的关系。

答案

参考答案:叙事节奏的变化取决于作者如何处理文本时间与故事时间的关系,文本时间与故事时间之间的关系主要从三个方面表现出来,就是时序、时距和频率。首先,时序的变化可以引起叙事节奏的变化。叙事作品中的时序是文本时间顺序与故事时间顺序相互对照形成的关系,包括顺序、倒叙和插序,在故事中叙述次序是可以变换的,既可以从顺序变换为倒叙或插叙,也可以在倒叙或插叙中又转入顺叙。叙述次序的变换会造成故事情调、节奏等方面的改变。例如近代以情节的紧张刺激为特色的故事中,就常常使用倒叙的方式打乱事件发展的自然顺序,使人猝不及防地进入到故事发展的紧要关头,从而给读者造成强烈的悬念,使故事更加惊心动魄、扣人心弦,显然,时序的改变引起了叙事节奏的改变。其次,叙事节奏与时距密切相关。时距也可以称为叙述的步速,是故事时间长度与文本时间长度相互比较对照形成的时间关系,我们可以设想这样一种叙述状况:故事情节中的人物语言被完整地叙述出来,或者把人物的动作大体按照动作进行的过程进行描述。在这种情形中,可以认为叙述所用的时间长度与故事发生的时间长度大体上是一致的。两种时间长度相互一致的时间关系可以算作一种匀速叙述的关系。当然,由于文本时间长度事实上是无法精确计量的,所以所谓“匀速”只不过是一种概念意义上而非测量意义上的匀速。以这种“匀速”叙述为基准,就可以区分出不同叙述速度的各种时距。不同的时距可以影响叙事速度向两个方向变化:一是变快,故事时间长而文本时间短,即用相对简短的话语叙述较长时间里发生的事件,这种叙述通常也叫做概要叙述。二是变慢,就是用较长的文字来叙述很短时间里发生的故事,把事件的过程细节放大。可见,叙事节奏与时距是紧密相联的。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Jeremy Wirick, 9, has been back in school for less than two months, but he has already had several asthma(哮喘)attacks. A recent attack happened on October 2, after he pushed himself too hard in gym class. Running, power walking, jogging and push-ups took their toll. When Jeremy got home an hour or two later, he was out of breath. He needed to use a nebulizer, a machine that helps send medicine quickly to the lungs, to get his breathing back to normal.

Asthma attacks like Jeremy increase in September and October. More than six times as many asthma sufferers who are elementary-school age need hospital treatment in the fall as in the summer.

Experts believe many factors can contribute to back-to-school asthma. Kids get together in close spaces, they start passing viruses around. A viral infection can cause an asthma attack. There are also certain fall allergies(过敏症)that can cause attacks. Exercise is another common cause of an attack. Besides, the stress of school can make asthma worse.

Parents can play a big role in helping kids with asthma start the school year right. Dawne Gee’s10-year-old son, Alexander, has had asthma since he was a baby. Before the school year starts, she tells school workers in writing about her son’s asthma.

The Gees live in Kentucky, which has passed laws allowing students to carry their asthma medication(药物治疗)with them at school. Alexander’s mom makes sure he has his inhaler(人工呼吸器)with him when he goes to school and that he keeps it on hand at all times. In Delaware, where Jeremy lives, kids are allowed to carry their inhalers at school.

The American Lung Association says that about 6.2 million American children suffer from asthma. Asthma is the chronic (慢性) illness that causes students to miss the most days of school. There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma

小题1:The passage mainly deals with _______.

A. how to prevent and treat Asthma. what Asthma is and its symptoms

C. the side-effects Asthma has on kids

D. the causes of Asthma and its treatment

小题2:By saying “Running, power walking, jogging and push-ups took their toll.”, the writer means that_____.

A.physical exercise affected their health

B.physical exercise gave them a deep thought

C.asthma attacks made them like physical exercise

D.asthma attacks could be cured through physical exercise小题3: Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

A.Kids are likely to suffer asthma attacks in the fall

B.Stress can add to the risk of asthma attacks

C.Medical officials should be blamed for asthma attacks

D.Asthma attacks will need necessary medical treatment小题4:The passage lists many factors that cause asthma attacks except_____.

A.A viral infection

B.unhealthy habits

C.certain fall allergies

D.physical exercise