问题 问答题 简答题

举例说明文学言语与普通言语的不同。

答案

参考答案:

(1)文学言语是内指性的,普通言语是外指性的。普通言语指向语言符号以外的现实世界,它必须符合现实生活逻辑,经得起客观生活的检验,并且必须遵守各种形式逻辑的原则。文学言语则是指向本文中的艺术世界,它不必符合现实生活的逻辑而要求与整个艺术世界氛围相统一。例如杜甫的诗句“感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心”和“月是故乡明”,明显地违反客观现实,但它指向诗中特定的情境,因此只要符合艺术世界的诗意的逻辑就行了,不必经过现实生活的检验。

(2)文学言语具有心理蕴含性。语言符号一般有两种功能,即指称功能与表现功能。普通言语侧重于它的指称功能,而文学言语则把它的表现功能提到更加重要的位置。文学言语中蕴含了作家丰富的知觉,情感,想象等心理体验,因而比普通言语更富于心理蕴含性。文学言语中的词语,虽然表面上与普通言语一样,实际上已被赋予不同寻常的心理内涵。雪莱在《西风颂》中写道:“如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”这里的“冬天”,“春天”都已被诗人那种希望、神往、憧憬的情绪浸泡过,与普通言语中的意义大不相同,更富于心理蕴含性了。

(3)文学言语具有阻拒性,这是俄国形式主义者提出来的,对语言进行陌生化处理后达到的效果,它针对的是“自动化”语言,即那些过分熟悉的不再能引起人注意的言语。比如用“弹指间”来表示时间过得快,一开始显得很生动形象,但在被大量重复使113用后,人们只把它当作一个干巴巴的符号,而不再有新鲜感。文学言语就是要力避这种言语的“自动化”现象,设法把普通言语加工成陌生的,扭曲的,对人具有阻拒性的言语,这种言语可能不合语法,打破了人们理解的常规,甚至不易被人理解,但却能引起人们的注意和兴趣,在延长感知时间,增加感知难度的情况下,反而增强了它的审美效果,形成了文学言语的一大特色。如“表盘上的数字涂上了一种在黑夜闪光的绿色物质”显然是荧光粉。但阻拒性言语不能使用得过滥、过多。要用得恰到好处。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Africa is home to nearly 700 lakes and rivers. It holds the largest amount of water on earth. Because of

the overuse of the lakes, natural climate changes and other factors (因素), these lakes are disappearing quickly.

     Millions of people in Africa depend on water sources like lakes and rivers for their daily water. In other

words, they cannot live without these lakes and rivers. Recent studies by the United Nations show that this

loss of water supply is putting a great pressure on the African population.

     In the 1960s, Lake Chad was nearly 83,200 square feet large. In about forty years, it has lost 95% of its

size and it has almost completely dried up. At one time, it was one of the largest lakes in the world, and was

around 960,000 square feet around 6,000 years ago.

     The sizes of lakes and rivers and the amount of water have something to do with seasons naturally. But,

pollution and agriculture also play an important part in the loss of water. Many pollutants (污染物) are put into

lakes and rivers so that many lakes and rivers are seriously polluted, and the water may be poisonous (有毒的).

If something isn't done soon about the disappearing lakes and rivers, there will not be enough water for

everyone. Then many people in Africa will face diseases and possible dehydration (脱水).

1. What can we infer from the first paragraph? [ ]

A. There are about 700 lakes and rivers in Africa.

B. Africa is the largest continent on earth.

C. As climate changes, there is less and less water in Africa.

D. Now Africa has less water than before.

2. The figures in the third paragraph show _____. [ ]

A. more and more lakes are drying up

B. Lake Chad was a large lake

C. how quickly water is being lost in Africa

D. Lake Chad is 4,160 square feet now

3. Which of the following is NOT one of the results of the loss of water in Africa? [ ]

A. African people's daily life is affected.

B. Agriculture develops quickly.

C. The number of population in Africa will be smaller.

D. Many people will suffer from diseases.

4. What is the purpose of the passage? [ ]

A. To explain why lakes and rivers are disappearing in Africa.

B. To show people the results of the loss of water in Africa.

C. To call on people to solve the problem of the loss of water in Africa.

D. To tell people how to protect the lakes and rivers in Africa.

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