问题 问答题 论述题

结合俄罗斯批判现实主义文学论述从“小人物”到“多余人”以及到“新人”的发展历程。

答案

参考答案:

俄国现实主义文学形成于19世纪30年代,它的整个发展过程始终与俄国蓬勃开展的人民解放运动紧密联系。由于俄国封建主义势力特别顽强,资本主义发展比较缓慢,与西欧相比,俄国的现实主义文学的批判锋芒主要是针对封建农奴制及其残余。(1)普希金在创作上完成了俄罗斯文学由浪漫主义向现实主义的过渡。他的诗体小说《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》和《别尔金小说集》以俄国现实社会为题材,塑造了俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”形象和“小人物”形象奥涅金。莱蒙托夫的作品有《当代英雄》,塑造了俄国文学史上第二个“多余人”形象即彼巧林的形象。屠格涅夫的《罗亭》中罗亭是40年代俄国贵族知识分子中“多余人”的新典型。40年代的黑暗时期热忱宣传资产阶级启蒙思想。40年代以果戈理为代表的“自然派”的崛起,加强了俄国现实主义文学的批判力量,使农民、城市贫民、小公务员等受苦受难的“小人物”成为文学注意的中心。岗察洛夫的作品《奥勃洛摩夫》中的奥勃洛摩夫是50年代的一个“多余人”形象。(2)50、60年代,在革命民主派和自由派围绕着废除农奴制而开展的政治思想斗争中,现实主义文学从不同侧面敏锐地反映了时代的重大社会问题。这一时期的作品,特别是长篇小说,由于其题材的广泛、揭露的深度和批判的强度,在欧洲文学中后来居上,具有重大影响。它的一个显著特点,是在加强对黑暗现实的批判的同时,着力于表现“黑暗王国中的一线光明”,开始从描写“小人物”、“多余人”转向表现平民知识分子中的“新人”(车尔尼雪夫斯基的《怎么办?》、屠格涅夫的《前夜》等),反映出下层人民中反抗情绪的滋长(涅克拉索夫的农民题材诗歌,奥斯特洛夫斯基的戏剧《大雷雨》等)。这个时期的文学主人公渐由“多余人”而转向“新人”,“新人”即平民知识分子。“新人”的特点有:出身平民,热爱科学,唯物务实,勇于实践,品德高尚。屠格涅夫也从表现“多余人”转向描写“新人”。《前夜》是第一部反映新人形象,平民知识分子的作品。其中俄国姑娘叶琳娜和保加利亚革命者英沙罗夫是性格坚强,具有崇高理想的新人形象。屠格涅夫在创作这部小说时,认为俄国即将废除农奴制,正处于大变革的“前夜”,他在叶琳娜和英沙罗夫这两个人物身上寄托了自己的“新人”理想,这种“新人”能为全民族利益而牺牲自我。但当时俄国所面临的是反对专制农奴制度的革命斗争,屠格涅夫强调全民族的利益和各个阶级的联合,便掩盖了当时俄国阶级斗争的实质。车尔尼雪夫斯基的《怎么办?》克服了屠格涅夫的局限,塑造了一批新人的形象:罗普霍夫、吉尔沙诺夫、薇拉(普通的新人),拉赫美托夫(特殊的新人),特别是拉赫美托夫是俄国批判现实主义文学中正面人物的突出典型,也是世界文学中第一个职业革命家的形象。通过这些新人的形象,作者回答了俄国应当怎么办的问题。格里沙是《谁在俄罗斯能过好日子?》中的新人形象。作品揭露了农奴制改革的欺骗性,反映了农民的觉醒,并通过新人形象告诉人们只有为人民的幸福而斗争的战士才是最快乐的。(3)直到70、80年代,当西欧现实主义的批判力量已经削弱,自然主义日渐明显的时候,俄国现实主义仍在发展和深化。列夫·托尔斯泰后期的创作表现出“最清醒的现实主义”,深刻地反映了广大农民群众在资产阶级民主革命前夕的思想情绪,被列宁誉为“俄国革命的一面镜子”。契诃夫、柯罗连科的创作表现了俄国民主阶层迫切变革现实的愿望和对美好的“新生活”的追求。他们在思想艺术上的探索和革新,使俄国现实主义达到了一个新的高度。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     The plan: turn Mars into a blue world with streams and green fields, and then fill it with creatures(生

物) from the earth.This idea may sound like something from a science fiction (科幻小说), but it is

actually being taken seriously by many researchers.

     This suggested future for the "red planet" will be the main topic for discussion at an international

conference hosted by NASA (美国宇航局) this week.Leading researchers as well as science fiction

writers will attend the event.It comes as NASA is preparing a multibilliondollar Mars research programme."Turning Mars into a little earth has long been a topic in science fiction,  "said Dr Michael Meyer, NASA's senior scientist for astrobiology (太空生物学). "Now, with scientists exploring the reality, we can

ask what are the real possibilities of changing Mars."

     Most scientists agree that Mars could be turned into a little earth, although much time and money

would be needed to achieve this goal.

     But many experts are shocked by the idea."We are destroying our own world at an unbelievable

speed and now we are talking about ruining another planet,  " said Paul Murdin, of the Institute of

Astronomy, Cambridge, UK.Over the past months, scientists have become increasingly confident they

will find Martian life forms.Europe and America's robot explorers have found proof that water, mixed

with soil, exists in large amounts on the planet.

     In addition, two different groups of scientistsannounced on March 28 that they had found signs of

methane (甲烷) in the Martian atmosphere (大气). The gas is a waste product of living creatures and

could be produced by microbes (微生物) living in the red planet's soil.

     But scientists such as Dr Lisa Pratt, a biologist at Indiana University, say that these microbes will be

put in danger by the little earth project."Before we have even discovered if there is life on Mars, we are

talking about carrying out projects that would destroy all these native life forms, all the strange microbes

that we hope to find buried in the soil,  " said Dr Pratt.This view is shared by Monica Grady, a planetary

scientist at the Natural History Museum, London."We cannot risk starting a global experiment that would wipe out the precious information we are looking for." she said, "This is just wrong."

1. The passage is about________.

A. a plan turning Mars into a little earth

B. the necessity of changing Mars

C. Mars supporting life

D. finding water in the Mars

2. Which of the following is NOT the reason why some scientists are against the plan?

A. The project would wipe out all the native life forms on the Mars.

B. The project will cost too much money and work.

C. We would ruin Mars.

D. We are destroying our own world at an unbelievable speed.

3. We can infer from the passage that________.

A. water is a crucial factor for life

B. the project will have little effect on the native life forms supposed to live on the Mars

C. Monica Grady is in favour of carrying out the little earth project

D. the idea turning Mars into a little earth is nothing but a science fiction

4. Which of the following supports the conclusion of microbes living in the Mars soil?

A. Scientists found liquid water in the Mars.

B. Scientists found signs of methane in the Martianatmosphere.

C. Scientists found a lot of good soil on the Mars.

D. Scientists found some creatures living on the Mars.

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