问题 问答题 论述题

如何理解土壤形成的一般规律?

答案

参考答案:

从地球系统物质循环的观点来看,土壤肥力的发生与发展是自然界物质的地质大循环与生物小循环相互作用的结果。

地质大循环是指矿物质养分在陆地和海洋之间循环变化的过程。陆地上的岩石经风化作用产生的风化产物,通过各种外力作用的淋溶、剥蚀、搬运,最终沉积在低洼的湖泊和海洋中,并经过固结成岩作用形成各种沉积岩;经过漫长的地质年代,这些湖泊、海洋底层的沉积岩随着地壳运动重新隆起成为陆地岩石,再次经受风化作用。这种物质循环的周期大约在106~108年。其中以岩石的风化过程和风化产物的淋溶过程与土壤形成的关系最为密切。风化过程在土壤形成中的作用主要表现为原生矿物的分解和次生粘土矿物的合成。前者使矿物分解为较简单的组分,并产生可溶性物质,释放出养分元素,为绿色植物的出现准备了条件;后者使风化壳中增加了活跃的新组分,从而具有一定的养分和水分的吸收保蓄能力,为土壤的形成奠定了无机物质的基础。可见,风化过程对土壤来说,是一种物质输入过程。淋溶过程使有效养分向土壤下层和土体以外移动,而不是集中在表层,具有促进土壤物质更新和土壤剖面发育的作用。对于土壤来说,它是一种物质转移和输出过程。

生物小循环又称为养分循环,指营养元素在生物体和土壤之间循环变化的过程。植物从母质和土壤中选择吸收所需的可溶性养分,通过光合作用合成有机体;植物被动物食用后变成动物有机体;植物、动物有机体死亡后归还土壤,经微生物分解与合成转化为植物可以吸收的可溶性养分和腐殖质,腐殖质经过缓慢的矿质化,也为植物提供养分。这种物质循环的周期较短,一般为100~102年。其中有机质的累积、分解和腐殖质的合成促进了植物营养元素在土壤表层的集中和积累,成为土壤肥力形成与发展的关键。

从地球发展史来看,生物的出现较晚,因此,生物小循环是在地质大循环基础上发展起

来的,是叠加在地质大循环上的较小时间尺度的次级物质循环。从对土壤形成的作用上看,地质大循环的总趋势是陆地物质的流失,造成土壤系统养分的淋溶分散,而生物小循环的总趋势是使流失中的物质保存和集中在地表,并不断在土壤与生物之间循环利用。一般来说,如果风化作用和有机质的累积、分解与腐殖质合成作用较强,而淋溶作用较弱,土壤中养分保存多,肥力水平将逐渐提高;如果风化作用和有机质的累积、分解与腐殖质合成作用较弱,而淋溶作用较强,土壤中养分保存少,肥力水平将逐渐降低;当两种作用势均力敌时,土壤肥力的发展处于动态平衡状态。

此外,人类的各种生产活动如砍伐森林、耕垦草原、围湖围海造田、开采矿产、城市建设等都会对地质大循环和生物小循环产生干扰,从而影响一个地方土壤肥力的发展方向与平衡。

单项选择题
单项选择题


Passage One

Historically, although the children of immigrants may have grown up bilingual and bicultural, many did not pass on much of their parents’ language or culture to their own children. Thus, many grandchildren of immigrants do not speak the language of the old country and are "American" by culture. However, in some parts of the country with established communities that share a common language or culture, bilingualism and biculturalism continue. This is particularly true in communities where new immigrants are still arriving. In general, cultural pluralism (多元化) is more accepted in the United States today than it was in the first half of the 20th century, and many of the school systems have developed bilingual programs and multicultural curricula.
At the close of the 20th century, there seemed to be a rise in the consciousness of ethnic groups around the world, and a sense of pride in what makes them unique. This occurs in the United States among many different groups, and in some cases it has resulted in new names to symbolize each group’s identity. In the United States, people have become very sensitive to the language used to describe these groups, and they try to be "politically correct" (P. C. ). For example, many black Americans, particularly young people, prefer the term African-American instead of black, to identify with their African heritage. Some Spanish speakers prefer to be called Latinos (referring to Latin America) instead of Hispanics, while others prefer to be identified by their country of origin (Cuban-American or Cuban, Chicano, Mexican-American or Mexican, and so on).
In spite of some very important differences, however, there is still a tie that binds Americans together. That tie is a sense of national identity—of "being an American". Incidentally, when citizens of the United States refer to themselves as Americans, they have no intention of excluding people from Latin American countries. There is no word such as United Statesians in the English language, so people call themselves Americans. Thus, what is really a language problem has sometimes caused misunderstandings. Although citizens of Latin American countries may call the people in the United States North Americans, to most people in the United States this makes no sense either, because the term North Americans refer to Canadians and Mexicans as well as citizens of the United States. The word American, then, will be used in this text as the adjective and nationality for the people who live in the United States of America.

The tie that binds Americans together is ______ .

A.the sense of being a citizen of the wealthiest country

B.the sense of being an American

C.the sense of being the descendents of early settlers

D.the sense of being under one federal government