问题 阅读理解与欣赏

本大题共3小题,共10分。阅读下面文章,完成14-16题。

“蝴蝶效应”和“混沌理论”

1972年,美国麻省理工学院教授、混沌学开创人之一洛伦兹在美国科学发展学会第139次会议上发表了题为《蝴蝶效应》的论文,论文中该教授曾发表惊人之论:“巴西的亚马逊丛林中一只蝴蝶轻轻地扇动几下翅膀,就会在美国的得克萨斯州掀起一场龙卷风。”蝴蝶效应真有这么大的威力?还是这位教授在开玩笑?

事实上,这位教授所说的“蝴蝶效应”在数学上可以用“混沌理论”来解释。

什么是混沌理论呢?混沌是一种“表观上”混乱无序,而实际上具有深层次规律性的特殊运动形态,它的特点是对于系统的初始条件具有极端敏感的依赖性,在系统初始任何一点点细微的改变,都会在系统后期发生翻天覆地的变化,我们可以做一个实验来解释这个理论。如图所示,在一个10cm左右长的长条形面团上,离其中一端约3cm处嵌入一颗细钢珠。把面团拉长一倍,再一折二叠成原样。反复这样的操作100次后,弹珠就会离开原来的位置,到了一个新的位置。多次重复这样的实验,你会发现尽管小钢珠的初始位置几乎完全相同,但折叠100次后的结果却大不一样。也就是说只要最初的位置存在一极微小差异,则最终的位置就完全不一样了。由此可见,一个确定的操作过程,最后却得到几乎随机的结果。这样一种现象,其背后的规律,在数学上就是混沌理讼。

也就是说,初始的量发生小小的变化,经过反复叠代以后,就得到了惊人的放大效果,从而彻底改变结果。这就像开始所说的蝴蝶扇一下翅膀就会造成一场龙卷风一样。一只蝴蝶扇动翅膀,也许会带动其它蝴蝶也扇动翅膀,从而导致其身边的空气系统发生变化,并引起微弱气流的产生,而微弱气流的产生又会引起它四周空气或其他系统产生相应的变化,由此引起连锁反应,最终导致其他系统的极大变化。

实际上,混沌效应无处不在,它渗透在日常生活、各个专业及领域。西方流传的一首民谣说:“丢失一个钉子,坏了一只蹄铁;坏了一只蹄铁,折了一匹战马;折了一匹战马,伤了一位骑士;伤了一位骑士,输了一场战斗;输了一场战斗,亡了一个帝国。”你看,由于一个小小的钉子的丢失竟然带来了整个帝国的灭亡,这个结果丝毫不亚于蝴蝶翅膀的扇动造成一场跑风的’蝴蝶效应’。本文开头提到的科学家洛伦兹在进行长期天气预报实验的过程中发现:仅仅在初始的数据中四舍五入掉一位小数,实验结果中所表明的几个月后的天气状况就判若霄壤,一个是万里无云,一个是电闪雷鸣。这个结果说明,哪怕是今天室内由于你打喷嗖使气温发生了一亿分之一度的变化,都有可能在几个月之后带来一场跑风。因此,长期的天气预报在目前来讲几乎是不可能的。

古训’失之毫厘,谬以千里’与蝴蝶效应揭示了相似的道理,两者都告诫人们要特别注意初始条件,对微小差别应该保持高度的灵敏度和警觉性。因为初始条件的极小偏差,将会引起结果的极大差异,甚至使事物发生质变。

小题1:下列说法符合文意的一项(3分)

A.洛伦兹教授有关“蝴蝶效应”的惊人之语,形象地揭示了飓风形成的初始原因。

B.“蝴蝶效应”是一种混沌现象,可以用数学上的“混沌理论”进行解释。

C.正因为存在着“蝴蝶效应”,所以人类根本不可能进行长期的天气预报。

D.古训讲“失之毫厘,谬以千里”,说明中国古人在很早以前就知道了混沌理论。小题2:下列说法不符合文意的一项是(3分)

A.文中提到的“面团与钢珠”实验,证明了系统最初条件的微小变化所带来的最终结果是难以预测的。

B.混沌理论启迪我们,只要我们见微知著,注意了初始条件的细微变化,就能够积极有效地防止混沌现象所带来的灾难发生。

C.洛伦兹在长期天气预报实验中发现:对初始数据所做的细微改变,会使数月后的天气状况预报的结果发生巨大的变化。

D.研究混沌,其实就是发现无序中的有序,也就是要透过事物“表观上”的混乱无序,发现其深层次的特殊运动规律。小题3:判断生活中某一现象是不是“蝴蝶效应”的依据是什么?统观全文,分条概括。(4分)

答案

小题1:(3分)B

小题2:(3分)B

小题3:(4分)要点:①事物表面无关联,实际上具有深层次的规律;②处在运动的系统中(或经过一段时间的变化);③对于系统的初始条件具有极端敏感的依赖性;④结果发生了巨大变化;⑤结果具有不可预测性。(答出四个要点,意思对即可,每个要点1分)

小题1:A、“揭示了飓风形成的初始原因”错。C. “根本不可能”错,原文是“长期的天气预报在目前来讲几乎是不可能的”。 D.无中生有,“说明中国古人在很早以前就知道了混沌理论”错,原文是“与蝴蝶效应揭示了相似的道理”。

小题2:B 说的太绝对。“只要”错。

小题3:看分值,一般几分答几点。依据也就是“蝴蝶效应”的特征。从“混沌是一种“表观上”混乱无序,而实际上具有深层次规律性的特殊运动形态”得出①事物表面无关联,实际上具有深层次的规律;从“把面团拉长一倍,再一折二叠成原样。反复这样的操作100次后,弹珠就会离开原来的位置,到了一个新的位置”得出②处在运动的系统中;从“它的特点是对于系统的初始条件具有极端敏感的依赖性”得出③对于系统的初始条件具有极端敏感的依赖性;从“在系统初始任何一点点细微的改变,都会在系统后期发生翻天覆地的变化”

得出④结果发生了巨大变化;从“科学家洛伦兹在进行长期天气预报实验的过程中发现:仅仅在初始的数据中四舍五入掉一位小数,实验结果中所表明的几个月后的天气状况就判若霄壤,一个是万里无云,一个是电闪雷鸣。这个结果说明,哪怕是今天室内由于你打喷嗖使气温发生了一亿分之一度的变化,都有可能在几个月之后带来一场跑风。因此,长期的天气预报在目前来讲几乎是不可能的”得出⑤结果具有不可预测性。

填空题
阅读理解

Reading poems is not exactly an everyday activity for most people. In fact, many people never read a poem once they get out of high school.

It is worth reminding ourselves that this has not always been the case in America. In the nineteenth century, a usual American activity was to sit around the fireplace in the evening and read poems aloud. It is true that there was no television at the time, nor movie theatres, nor World Wide Web, to provide diversion. However, poems were a source of pleasure, of self-education, of connection to other people or to the world beyond one’s own community. Reading them was a social act as well as an individual one, and perhaps even more social than individual. Writing poems to share with friends and relations was, like reading poems by the fireside, another way in which poetry had a place in everyday life.

How did things change? Why are most Americans no longer comfortable with poetry, and why do most people today think that a poem has nothing to tell them and they can do well without poems?

There are, I believe, three culprits (肇事者): poets, teachers and we ourselves. Of these, the least important is the third: the world surrounding the poem has betrayed (背叛) us more than we have betrayed the poem. Early in the twentieth century, poetry in English headed into directions hostile (不利的) to the reading of poetry. Readers decided that poems were not for the fireside or the easy chair at night, that they belonged where other difficult-to-read things belonged.

Poets failed the readers, so did the teachers. They want their students to know something about the craft (技巧) of a poem, and they want their students to see that poems mean something. Yet what usually occurs when teachers push these concerns on their high school students is that young people decide poems are unpleasant crossword puzzles.

小题1: Reading poems is thought to be a social act in the nineteenth century because _______.

A.it built a link among people

B.it helped unite a community

C.it was a source of self-education

D.it was a source of pleasure小题2:The underlined word “diversion” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _______.

A.diversity

B.change

C.amusements

D.happiness小题3:In the last paragraph, the writer questions _______.

A.the difficulty in studying poems

B.the way poems are taught in school

C.students’ wrong ideas about poetry

D.the techniques used in writing poems小题4:According to the passage, what is the main cause of the great gap between readers and poetry?

A.Poems have become difficult to understand.

B.Students are poorly educated in high school.

C.TV and the Internet are more attractive than poetry.

D.Students are becoming less interested in poetry.