一般资料：求助者，男性，16岁，高中一年级学生。案例介绍：求助者从小有咬指甲的习惯，多次受到父母的训斥。自己也很想改，但做了很多努力，没有明显效果。主动前来寻求帮助。下面是心理咨询师与该求助者的一段咨询对话：心理咨询师：通过前面的咨询，咱们已经明确了你的心理问题及原因所在。你有咬指甲的习惯，想改掉但没有成功，你因此而苦恼。作为咨询师我能理解你，我愿意帮助你。现在咱们先讨论咨询目标吧！求助者：咬指甲很不好，我就想让您帮助我改掉这个毛病。心理咨询师：好，我同意将改掉咬指甲的行为作为咨询目标，你现在每天咬指甲大约有多少次呢？求助者：（沉默）其实我看电影、玩游戏的时候根本不咬指甲，我妈说我只要闲下来就咬指甲。我没有数过，我想一天总有上百次吧。心理咨询师：通过咨询你想改变成什么样呢？求助者：一次都不咬。心理咨询师：根据你目前的情况看，我认为一次都不咬这个目标有些高，恐怕你难以做到吧？求助者：也许吧，但我有决心坚决改掉咬指甲的坏习惯。心理咨询师：好吧，咱们就把不咬指甲作为第一个目标，今后不再咬指甲。按照心理学的原理，改变行为有两种方法，一种是阳性强化法，一种是厌恶疗法，你准备用哪种方法？求助者：两种方法？可我不懂啊！您就根据经验替我选吧。心理咨询师：好吧，我在这方面有很多成功的案例，我有个远房侄子以前也有这个习惯，我帮助他解决了。我帮你使用厌恶疗法改变你咬指甲的行为。厌恶疗法就是我把你咬指甲的行为和厌恶刺激结合，产生生理、心理上痛苦的感觉，多次结合后使你产生条件反射，当你以后咬指甲时，就会产生恐惧，就不敢再咬指甲了，行为就改变了。具体的步骤是：第一步，明确目标行为，就是咬指甲。第二步，构建焦虑等级，看看你焦虑的程度。第三步，选择厌恶刺激。第四步，把咬指甲的行为和厌恶刺激结合起来。求助者：我似乎明白了，那您选用什么样的厌恶刺激呢？心理咨询师：主要是电刺激、药物刺激、想象的刺激等，可以单独使用，也可以联合应用。求助者：那好吧，大约需要做多少次啊？这种方法有效吗？心理咨询师：这种方法肯定有效，我有很多成功的案例。求助者：我知道了，万一没有效果，还有其他方法吗？心理咨询师：还有其他方法，如阳性强化法、认知行为疗法等。

心理咨询师在开场白中使用了（）。

A.内容表达技术

B.讲了题外话

C.内容反应技术

D.开放式提问

Why do I volunteer with Big brothers / Big sisters of America? I have many reasons. Perhaps the biggest reason is that people once volunteered to help me.

Years ago, I was on the other side of the table. I was lonely and I felt lost. It’s a little embarrassing to talk about it now, but whatever the right direction in life was, I was going the opposite way. More than once, I found myself on the wrong path. If someone hadn’t stepped in when he did, I probably wouldn’t even be here now. I’d rather be in a prison or somewhere a lot smaller and deeper.

I’ve seen the work that big brothers / sisters have been doing all over the country and I’m pleased to be part of it. I’ve never done anything that made me prouder than my volunteer work. Big brothers and sisters helped me get over sadness and depression as soon as possible. Then, if I can help anyone like they helped me, I am willing to serve for as long as they will have me serve them. There are no words to describe the joy I get from helping somebody turn their life around. Every time I think that that’s me now, I’m proud and happy.

Volunteering is how I want to leave my mark on the world. I recommend volunteering work to everybody, especially to somebody who isn’t sure where they are going in life. Helping someone find their path is often the best way to find yours. Be a volunteer, and you will find your purpose in life.

小题1:What’s the main reason why the writer volunteers?

A．He has a lot of free time.

B．He is lonely and wants to be with others.

C．He wants others to know he is a good man.

D．He is grateful for what volunteers once did for him.小题2:It is implied in Paragraph3 that the writer __________.

A．is eager to help others

B．often feels sad and depressed

C．hopes he will be helped at any time

D．travels around the country to help others小题3:We can infer from the passage that the writer probably __________.

A．spent some days in prison

B．didn’t know his purpose in life

C．is dissatisfied with his life

D．doesn’t live a meaningful life小题4:What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage?

A．To share his past with us.

B．to ask for some volunteer work.

C．To encourage us to enjoy our life.

D．To call on us to do volunteer work.