问题 问答题 论述题

传统的公共事业管理制度关注公平问题,但是它对于公共事业发展的效率产生了哪些负面影响,西方各国对此进行了哪些改革?

答案

参考答案:

(1)传统的公共事业管理制度为了最大限度地实现公平,用于公共事业的社会福利开支的增长速度超过了国民经济的增长速度,公共事业巨大的开支日益成为发达国家的沉重负担。对于公共事业发展的效率和社会经济发展带来一些负面影响。

首先,福利制度“养懒汉”,市场经济的效率受到损失。个人收入分配的社会化,非工资的福利收入占个人收入的比例越来越大,工作收入与福利失去激励功能。

其次,公共财政难以为继。国家巨额的财政赤字,政府债台高筑,通胀现象的持续,大大削弱国家调节经济的力量,抑制了市场经济的活力,从而使国家经济发展受阻。

再次,过于追求均等化的政策措施,导致社会弊端纵生。公共事业产品与服务的普遍性,不可避免地使富人也搭了穷人的便车,享受各种福利待遇,追求公平目标的措施反而带来不公平的结果。

(2)既发挥国家的优势,又不抑制市场具有激励个人努力和冒险所产生的效率,是公共事业领域改革的目标。关键是要在公共事业领域引入市场机制并发挥日益重要的作用,天平开始向提高效率方向倾斜。改革主要的措施包括以下几个方面。

首先,将私人经济部门中发展起来的管理方法和技术广泛应用于各类公共服务部门,用私人部门的管理模式重塑公营机构的管理。

其次,打破公营机构在公共服务上的垄断僵化模式,将部分提供社会服务机构转为私营;公营部门及机构之间也为提供相同的产品与服务展开竞争,形成市场检验、优胜劣汰的局面,以提高公共事业产品与服务的供给效率。

再次,针对公共事业产品与服务上的浪费和高成本、低效率现象,改变公营部门忽视社会公众的多样化要求。

同时,公营部门自身组织改革的市场化取向也日益增强,主流的改革方式包括两个方面。第一,对部门的激励。在组织体系内部建立某种竞争结构,通过若干个服务与管理部门提出相互竞争的方案,模拟市场运作的方式进行选择。第二,对个人的激励。允许主管人员得到他所节省下来的一部分生产费用,以便使个人有足够的动力有效率地进行生产。激励公营机构的主管人员像私人部门的经理那样行事,用“效率逻辑”取代“扩张逻辑”。

阅读理解

A massive earthquake and tsunamis killed 350 people in one Chilean coastal town, doubling the total death number on Sunday as the government tried to get aid to hungry survivors and stop looting(抢劫).

President Michelle Bachelet said at least 708 people had been killed and called for calm as people desperate for food and water looted stores in some areas worst hit by Saturday’s 8.8-magnitude quake, one of the world’s biggest in a century. The earthquake that shook Chile on Saturday morning was “50 times bigger than the one of Haiti.” The earthquake in Chile was far stronger than the one that struck Haiti last month - yet the death number in Haiti, a Caribbean nation, was much higher.

The reasons are simple. Chile is wealthier and infinitely better prepared, with strict building codes, robust emergency response and a long history of handling seismic catastrophes. No living Haitian had experienced a quake at home when the Jan. 12 disaster crumbled their poorly constructed buildings.

Television images showed houses washed away by swirling waters, cars tossed into shattered buildings and boats lifted into the streets in coastal towns including Pelluhue and Constitucion, where 350 deaths alone were reported.

“It’s an enormous disaster ... there’s a growing number of missing people,” Bachelet said, adding that food and medical aid was being sent to help the roughly 2 million people affected by the quake. Chile is making great efforts to deal with a formidable task caused by the earthquake how to provide temporary shelter for so many people.

A lack of water, food and fuel sharpened the hardship for the hundreds of thousands of people left homeless, and widespread disruption to the power supply threatened to hamper (妨碍) Chilean industry’s recovery. In the hard-hit city of Concepcion, about 310 miles south of Santiago, the government imposed a night-time curfew (宵禁令) in Concepcion and the Maule region on Sunday in a bid to stop looting.

Police used tear gas and water blast guns to disperse a crowd of looters carrying off food and electrical appliances from one supermarket in Concepcion. Television images showed people stuffing groceries and other goods into shopping trolleys. “People have gone days without eating,” said Orlando Salazar, one of the looters at the supermarket. “The only option is to come here and get stuff for ourselves.” On the second day of the most serious natural disaster to hit Chile in decades, rescuing survivors from the ruins had been quickly replaced by the hard challenge of helping them. People overseas have been deeply impressed by earthquake relief efforts by the Chilean government.

1. There are several reasons why the loss of lives in the Chile earthquake was comparatively low EXCEPT __________.

A. improvements had been made in the constructed buildings.

B. Chile is always well prepared for the coming earthquake.

C. large number of Chile residents had gone oat for a holiday.

D Chile has rich experience in dealing with this disaster.

2. The underlined word “formidable” in the fifth paragraph probably means ________.

A. difficult          B. glorious                       C. light                     D. original

3. According to the passage, what is the most pressing task in the earthquake-hit areas?

A. rescuing survivors

B. providing temporary shelter and food for the victims

C. burying dead bodies

D. clearing away the ruins

4. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ____________.

A. call on international aid agencies to go to Chile to help.

B. tell us how to deal with the coming disaster.

C. show how the people of Chile rebuild their country after the big disaster.

D. tell us something about the enormous earthquake in Chile.

单项选择题