问题 问答题 论述题

怎样分析中国历史上宦官乱政的原因?

答案

参考答案:

作为皇帝制度和后宫制度的派生物,宦官制度与中国古代专制主义制度相始终。尽管历朝政府对宦官参与朝政可能带来的危害都有明确的意识,也在制度上作了种种努力,但仍无法避免宦官乱政的现象,其原因是多方面的。首先,外朝官一般有家族和师友背景,一些势大权重的朝臣也确实有可能夺取皇帝的权位,因而他们很难赢得皇帝的衷心信任。宦官作为服侍皇帝私人生活的奴才,一般没有家族背景,在皇帝的眼里,对皇权并不构成威胁,故往往得到皇帝的信任与纵容。其次,宦官与皇帝朝夕相处,比外朝官更有机会摸透皇帝的禀性,投其所好,易讨得皇帝欢心,也极易与皇帝产生情感上的联系。再次,从制度设置上看,随着历史的演变,外朝官的权力逐渐趋向于分散,直到废除宰相,这就失去了能够于宦官相抗衡的体制力量。

选择题
单项选择题

For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never ending flood of words. In (1) a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (2) can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3) readers. Most of us develop poor reading (4) at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5) in the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have (6) meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. (7) , however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (8) words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (9) you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which (10) down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11) reads.
To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12) , which moves a bar(or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (13) the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14) word by word reading, regression and subvocalization practically impossible. At first (15) is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16) your comprehension will improve. Many people have found (17) reading skill drastically improved after some training. (18) Charlie Au, a business manager, for instance. His reading rate was a reasonably good 172words a minute (19) the training; now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20) a lot more reading material in a short period of time.

A.meaning
B.comprehension
C.gist
D.regression