问题 问答题 论述题

试述中国古代中枢组织的变化。

答案

参考答案:

三代时期,以王为核心的国家组织主要分为两个系统:政务官系统,神祇官系统。春秋战国时期,各国在国君之下普遍设立总领全部政事务的长官,或为相,或相、将并立,协助国君治国。秦汉时期,国家组织的主体是以皇帝为核心的"三公九卿”。魏晋南北朝时期,国家组织突出变化是三省制的初步形成,三省诸部制逐渐取代三公九卿制。隋唐时期国家组织的核心是"三省六部制”。宋元国家组织的核心由"二府制”变成一省制。明代国家组织的核心是内阁——六部制度与宦官制度。清朝国家组织的中枢是军机处、内阁。

阅读理解

B

I’ve loved my mother’s desk since I was just tall enough to sit above the top of it. Mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be a most wonderful thing in the world.

Years later, during her final illness, Mother kept different things for my sister and brother. “But the desk,” she said again, “is for Elizabeth.”

I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed in action. But as a young girl. I wanted to have heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.

They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional (易动感情的)”. But she lived “on the surface (表面)”.

As years passed and I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family. I wrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.

My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace – it seemed that nothing happened. I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to Mother. I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.

But the present of her desk told me, as she’d never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside – a photo of my father and a one-paper letter, folded and refolded many times. It was my letter.

“In any way you choose, Mother, you always chose the act that speaks louder than words.”

小题1:The writer began to love her mother’s desk________.

A.after Mother died

B.after she wrote the letter

C.when she was a child

D.when Mother gave it to her小题2:The passage shows that_________.

A.Mother was cold on the surface but kind in her heart to her daughter

B.Mother was too serious about her daughter in words

C.Mother wrote to her daughter in careful words

D.Mother wrote to her daughter in careless words小题3:Which of the following is NOT true?

A.The author may work as a writer

B.The author and her mother love each other, but didn’t say it out

C.Neither the author nor her mother had a happy family.

D.The author’s mother is a person who prefers act to words.小题4:What did Mother do with her daughter’s letter asking for forgiveness?

A.She had never received the letter.

B.For years, she often talked about the letter.

C.She didn’t forgive her daughter at all in all her life.

D.She read the letter again and again till she died.小题5:What’s best title of the passage?

A.My letter to Mother

B.Mother and children

C.My Mother’s Desk

D.Talks between Mother and me

判断题