问题 问答题 简答题

简述各种磷酸盐处理方法的基本内容?

答案

参考答案:

(1)高磷酸盐处理:如果水处理工艺落后,炉水中常常出现大量的钙、镁离子,为了防止锅炉结垢不得不向锅炉中加入大量的磷酸盐以除去炉水中的硬度。随着锅炉参数的提高和水处理工艺的进步,用高磷酸盐处理炉水已越来越少。目前该处理方式只用在低压工业锅炉上。

(2)协调磷酸盐—PH处理:磷酸盐处理的锅炉大多发生磷酸盐的隐藏现象,而隐藏时由于产生游离的NaOH,而它往往在高温金属表面或沉积物下浓缩而发生碱性腐蚀。协调磷酸盐处理的目的是防止炉水产生游离的NaOH。当R小于2.85时,即使发生磷酸盐的隐藏现象,析出磷酸氢盐固相物,在水冷壁边界层中也不会产生游离的NaOH。但是,为了防止炉管发生酸性腐蚀,必须保证炉水的PH值较高,因此R的下限应大于2.2。所以,在协调磷酸盐—PH处理时R值应控制在2.3—2.8。

由于酸性磷酸盐的腐蚀特征和碱性沟槽腐蚀很相似,以前被误认为都是碱性沟槽腐蚀,直到近几年来才被人们所认识。最近研究发现,当R比低于2.5时磷酸盐一旦发生隐藏现象就容易发生酸性磷酸盐腐蚀,而R等于3甚至略高于3也不会发生碱性腐蚀。所以新的协调磷酸盐—PH处理时R的控制指标为2。6—3.0。

(3)等成分磷酸盐处理:等成分磷酸盐处理是一种为了保持溶液和固体成分中相等的R值的处理方式,一般R值控制在2。3—2。6之间,炉水不允许有游离的NaOH存在。但是在这种水工况运行时由于锅炉负荷变化炉水的PH值难以控制,特别是负荷下降时PH下降的较多,往往导致酸性磷酸盐腐蚀。

(4)低磷酸盐处理:对于高参数锅炉,炉水中的磷酸盐含量越高越容易发生局部浓缩沉积和隐藏现象,对锅炉安全运行危害很大。因此人们提出了低磷酸盐处理方式。这时炉水中P043-的控制下限为0.3—0。5mg/L,上限一般不超过2—3mg/L。使用低磷酸盐之理,炉水的缓冲性差,有冷却水漏入锅炉时不易控制,只适应于炉水长期没有硬度的锅炉。

(5)平衡磷酸盐处理:其基本原理是使炉水磷酸盐的含量减少到只够与硬度成分反应所需的最低浓度,即“平衡”浓度;同时允许炉水中有小于lmg的游离NaOH,以保证炉水的PH值在9。0—9。6的范围内。

阅读理解

GREENWICH—Recently, a group of concerned Greenwich residents gathered to discuss how they could help those who may be alone during the holiday season.Armed with plenty of ideas and a sincere desire to do good, this group now refers to themselves as "A Random Act of Kindness".As members of this group, we are to put together a Thanksgiving dinner on Thanksgiving Day that will provide a free meal to those who are alone or can't provide for themselves.This task will require many resources to make it successful.We are gathering a small army of volunteers to devote their time to helping prepare, cook, serve, clean, organize and promote this event.We hope that you can help us.The following is what we have planned to do;

·A 2 - hour free dinner that will take place at the Greenwich VFW with 2 seatings, one from 1 p.m.to 2 p.m.and the other from 2: 30 p.m.to 3: 30 p.m.by reservation only on Thanksgiving Day.

·Amy McPhail and Julie Carroll are accepting names of volunteers as well as food donations for the cause; Amy can be contacted (联络) at 692 -7841 for donations and Julie can be contacted if you'd like to volunteer at 884 -0658.

·A bank account has been created through Glens Falls National Bank to accept money donations and checks can be made payable to "A Random Act of Kindness" and sent to Glens Falls National Bank c/o Dan Flynn.

·Ellen Pemrick ( Caterer) .Beth Anthony ( Beth's Cafe) and David Hughes (Glens Falls Hospital) will be consulted to make sure the highest quality of food can be served.

·We are looking to serve between 150 and 250 people at this event.We are serving the following: turkey gravy, mashed potatoes, green beans, cranberry sauce, stuffing rolls, pumpkin pie, apple pie.Beverages will include: milk, water, coffee & apple cider.

If you are interested in donating any of the above items, please drop off your donations at the VFW in Greenwich any evening between November 14 and November 24.If you have any problems dropping any items off during that time, please contact George Perkins at either 692 -2367 or 573 -8115.Any non-perishable food donalions not used for the dinner will be donated to the local Greenwich Food Pantry.

Any help you can provide for us would be gready appreciated.Everyone's generosity to the Greenwich community and its residents is very much appreciated.Reservations for dinner are now being accepted by calling Pal Perkins at 692 -2367 until November 13.

小题1:If you want to be a volunteer for this Thanksgiving dinner, you may call _____.

A.884-0658

B.692-2367

C.573-8115

D.692-7841小题2:How many people will probably be served at the Thanksgiving dinner?

A.500.

B.400.

C.300.

D.200.小题3:Which of the following will be included in the dinner?

A.Apples and milk.

B.Pumpkins and water.

C.Coffee and stuffing rolls.

D.Potatoes and cranberry pie.小题4:As a volunteer for this Thanksgiving dinner, you can ______.

A.contact Julie to make sure of the quality of food

B.help make some arrangements for this event

C.drop off your donations at the VFW anytime

D.donate some money to Glens Falls National Bank小题5:The purpose of this passage is to _____.

A.describe a Thanksgiving celebration

B.introduce a Thanksgiving volunteer group

C.call on people to participate in a Thanksgiving event

D.persuade people to donate for a Thanksgiving dinner

单项选择题