问题 问答题 论述题

阐述单胃动物、反刍动物对蛋白质的消化、吸收过程及其特点。

答案

参考答案:

一单胃动物蛋白质营养

1.消化部位

蛋白质的消化起始于胃,终止于小肠

蛋白质HCl()高级结构分解,肽链暴露

胃、胰、糜蛋白酶内切酶使蛋白质分解为多肽

羧基肽酶、氨基肽酶外切酶使之分解为AA/小肽

主要在胃和小肠上部,20%在胃,60-70%在小肠,其余在大肠。

吸收(1)部位:小肠上部

(2)方式:主动吸收

(3)载体:碱性、酸性、中性系统

(4)顺序:L-AA>D-AA

()Cys>Met>Try>Leu>Phe>Lys≈Ala>Ser>Asp>Glu

其特点是吸收快、不竞争有限的载体,分解、吸收时耗能少,可作为活性物质,合成时耗能少。

二反刍动物蛋白质营养

摄入蛋白质的70%(40-80%)被瘤胃微生物消化,其余部分(30%)进入真胃和小肠消化。

1.消化过程

(1)饲料蛋白质

瘤胃降解蛋白(RDP)

瘤胃未降解蛋白(过瘤胃蛋白,UDP)

(2)蛋白质降解率(%)=RDP/食入CP

2.利用

瘤胃NH3浓度达到5mM(9mg/100ml),微生物蛋白合成达到最大水平,超过此浓度的NH3被吸收入血。通过合成尿素而解毒。

瘤胃的Pr消化吸收特点

1.饲料Pr在瘤胃内经过微生物改组合成饲料中不曾有的支链AA。因此,很大程度上可以说反刍动物的蛋白质营养实质上是瘤胃微生物营养。

2.反刍动物本身所需AA(小肠AA)来源于MCP、UDP(RUP)和内源蛋白质。MCP可以满足动物需要的50~100%,UDP是高产时的必要补充,内源蛋白质量少且较稳定。

3.瘤胃中80%的微生物可以NH3为唯一氮源,26%只能利用NH3,55%可同时利用NH3和AA,因此,少量Pr即可满足微生物的需要,这是瘤胃微生物利用尿素等NPN的生物学基础。

4.MCP品质与豆粕(饼)、苜蓿叶蛋白质相当,略次于优质的动物蛋白质,但优于大多数谷物蛋白。BV70~80%

5大量RDP在瘤胃中分解,实际上存在能量和蛋白质的损失。

6.饲料蛋白的降解率差异很大,适当加工处理可降低降解率,并可能提高UDP的小肠利用率(如加热、甲醛包被、缓释等措施可提高UDP利用率)。

7.NPN在瘤胃中集中、急剧分解不仅有氮素损失,且可能造成中毒。

8.对反刍动物补充AA、Pr的效果一般不如单胃动物明显,其效果取决于过瘤胃的数量以及过瘤胃AA在小肠的消化、吸收。

3.影响消化利用的因素

(1)瘤胃内环境的稳定

(2)日粮CP水平:13%()NH3浓度5mM

(3)蛋白质种类:NPN与真蛋白

CP<13%,加NPN有效;高于13%,效果差

(4)其他养分:碳水化合物、P、S

4小肠消化

(1)方式与产物:与单胃动物相同

(2)底物:与单胃动物不同

MCP占50-90%

RDP占10-50%

5小肠中蛋白质的去向

(1)70%---消化、吸收---血液---30%----组织蛋白合成

(2)30%粪便排出(粪N)---血液)70%----未利用(尿N)

6大肠的消化

与单胃动物相同。

进入盲肠的N占摄入N的20%

问答题
完形填空
完形填空:(满分20分)
Far from a Family Christmas
My Air Force room in Florida was   36  and quiet—I was alone.My five roommates were gone for the holidays; I had chosen to    37  behind in the camp.Being young and far from my home, I felt   38  .My room was comfortable enough,   39  I hadn’t realized until then what made it so—the   40  of others walking, joking or just lying on their beds.
I was not able to sleep.I was    41  of being on my own—in fact, preferred it at times—but tonight was   42  .Tossing and turning in the darkened room gave no   43  .The last sign of daylight had disappeared,   44  my inner depression.  45  , the glow of Christmas lights on the tall pines would only   46  me of my great misery.
Suddenly, I heard weak sound of men   47  to sing.Yes, the voices grew louder and came my way.I  48  still, enjoying the sound.
In the corridor(通道,走廊)   49  my room, voices came near enough for me to hear Christmas carols(颂歌) being   50  .Suddenly, there, four airmen, identities unknown, were slightly unsteadied by holiday   51  .The first held a Coke bottle with a lit candle   52  its top.The others formed a dancing line behind him.
  53  I was in the room, with joyful faces in the flickering(摇曳的) light, they sang me several carols, wished me a   54  and left as fast as they had arrived.
I slept soundly soon after, burying my face in my pillow,   55  that someone had cared.
小题1:
A.clearB.emptyC.amusingD.interesting
小题2:
A.remainB.leaveC.helpD.work
小题3:
A.disappointedB.friendlyC.lonelyD.lost
小题4:
A.alsoB.stillC.howeverD.but
小题5:
A.impatienceB.presenceC.interestD.delight
小题6:
A.capableB.ableC.skilledD.experienced
小题7:
A.poorB.goodC.differentD.standard
小题8:
A.funB.comfortC.effortD.progress
小题9:
A.appealing toB.sticking toC.leading toD.adding to
小题10:
A.ThereforeB.OtherwiseC.BesidesD.Yet
小题11:
A.remindB.recallC.rememberD.think
小题12:
A.managingB.attemptingC.happeningD.deciding
小题13:
A.noticedB.sleptC.liedD.lay
小题14:
A.oppositeB.beyondC.outD.within
小题15:
A.announcedB.acceptedC.playedD.offered
小题16:
A.noiseB.confidenceC.cheerD.optimism
小题17:
A.stuck inB.attached toC.tied toD.involved in
小题18:
A.Watching B.SeeingC.GuessingD.Admitting
小题19:
A.good luckB.happy New YearC.merry ChristmasD.happy birthday
小题20:
A.gratefulB.satisfiedC.pleasedD.surprised