问题 问答题 简答题

发动机机油润滑方式、功用以及使用性能要求。

答案

参考答案:

发动机由于工况不同,对负荷及相对运动速度不同的传动件采用不同的润滑方式:

1)压力润滑压力润滑是以一定的压力把机油供入摩擦表面的润滑方式,这种方式主要运用于主轴承、连杆轴承及凸轮轴承等负荷较大的摩擦表面的润滑。

2)飞溅润滑利用发动机工作时运动件溅泼起来的油滴或油雾润滑摩擦表面的润滑方式,称为飞溅润滑。该方式主要用来润滑负荷较轻的汽缸壁面和配气机构的凸轮、挺柱、气门杆以及摇臂等零件的工作表面。

3)润滑脂润滑通过润滑脂嘴定期加注润滑脂来润滑零件的工作表面,如水泵以及发电机轴承等。

机油的功能主要有以下五方面:

1)润滑机油在运动零件的所有摩擦表面之间形成连续的油膜,以减小零件之间的摩擦。

2)冷却机油在循环过程中流过零件工作表面,可以降低零件的温度。

3)清洗机油可以带走摩擦表面产生的金属碎末以及冲洗掉沉积在汽缸、活塞、活塞环以及其他零件上的积炭。

4)密封附着在汽缸壁、活塞和活塞环上的油膜,可以起到密封防漏的作用。

5)防锈机油有防止零件生锈的作用。

机油的使用性能要求:

1)适当的黏度机油黏度对发动机的工作有很大的影响。黏度过小,在高温高压下容易从摩擦表面流失,不能形成足够厚度的油膜;黏度过大,冷启动困难,机油不能及时被泵到摩擦表面。

机油的黏度随温度而变化,温度升高,黏度减小;温度降低,黏度增大,为了使机油在较宽的温度范围内有适当的黏度,必须在基础油中加入增稠剂,添加增稠剂之后,可以使机油在高温时保持足够的黏度,而在低温时黏度增加不多。

2)优异的氧化安定性氧化安定性是指机油抵抗氧化作用不使其性质发生永久变化的能力。当机油在使用与储存过程中与空气中的氧气接触而发生氧化作用时,机油的颜色会变暗,黏度增加,酸性增大,并产生胶状沉积物。氧化变质的机油将腐蚀发动机零件,甚至破坏发动机的工作。需要在机油中添加氧化抑制剂。

3)良好的防腐性机油在使用过程中不可避免地被氧化而生成各种有机酸,这类酸性物资对金属零件有腐蚀作用,可以是铜铅和镉镍一类的轴承表面出现斑点,麻坑或使合金层剥落。因此要在机油中添加防腐剂。

4)较低的起泡性由于机油在润滑系统中快速循环和飞溅,必然会产生泡沫,如果泡沫太多,或者泡沫不能迅速消除,将造成摩擦表面供油不足,需要在机油中添加泡沫抑制剂。

5)强烈的清净分散性机油的清净分散性是指机油分散、疏松和移走附着在零件表面上的积炭和污垢的能力,因此机油中要加入清净分散添加剂。

6)高度的极压性在摩擦表面之间的油膜厚度小于0.3~0.4μm的润滑状态,称为边界润滑,习惯上把高温、高压下的边界润滑称为极压润滑。机油在极压条件下的抗摩性叫作极压性。现代汽车发动机的轴承及配气机构等零件的润滑,即为极压润滑。为了提高机油的极压性,避免在极压润滑的条件下机油被挤出摩擦表面,必须在机油中添加极压添加剂,可以形成强韧的油膜以提供对零件的极压保护。

阅读理解
Part-time jobs for 15 and 16 years olds
Waiter / Waitress
A job as a waiter or waitress is a good choice for 16-year-olds. Not only can one earn $9-$12 an hour, but they can also get the tips (小费). Most people that visit a restaurant don’t just have good food. They come here to relax and have a good time. Besides serving food quickly, a young waiter who talks to them politely with a smile on his face will make the diners enjoy their time at the restaurant.
Work in a library
If one is fond of books, working in a library is another suitable choice. Besides the pay is good, it offers a lot of free time when students can actually sit down and finish their homework. So on returning home, they would have time to hang around with friends or just relax. So working in a library is an excellent part-time job for teens, especially for school students.
Internet jobs
There are many ways of making money through online jobs like clicking on advertisements, visiting sites and signing up with them. However, such online jobs don’t pay well. A better Internet job for teens is to complete online surveys. These are quite simple surveys that usually ask one about his/ her opinions and ideas. Many companies use these ideas to make products designed for teenagers.
小题1:What does the writer think of the job as a waiter/waitress?
A.It needs a period of training.
B.It pays much more than other jobs.
C.It can improve one’s leadership skills.
D.Making diners comfortable is part of the job.
小题2:A student who is busy with his research paper will probably choose to work ______.
A.in a restaurantB.in a libraryC.on the InternetD.in an IT company
小题3:The writer wrote this text to ______.
A.tell us the importance of doing part-time jobs
B.advise teenagers how to choose a part-time job
C.teach young people how to make lots of money
D.introduce his/her experience of doing part-time jobs
小题4:Why do some companies ask the teens to do surveys?
A.The teens have more free time.
B.They can pay less to the teens.
C.They need advice to make products for teens.
D.The teens usually express their true opinions.
单项选择题