问题 问答题 简答题

控制循环锅炉单元机组冷态启动有哪些特点?

答案

参考答案:

控制循环锅炉单元机组的启动顺序与自然循环锅炉单元机组类似,但由于控制循环锅炉在下降管中装有控制循环泵以及过热蒸汽系统中配有5%启动旁路(有些控制循环锅炉未配),使机组启动时间缩短,安全性和经济性提高。

⑴汽包工作条件

汽包结构不同于自然循环锅炉,汽包容量较小,上升管来的汽水混合物从汽包顶部引入,沿弧形衬板与汽包金属内壁之间的通道自上而下流动,汽包内壁上、下温度基本相同,无汽包上下壁温差。

⑵水循环安全性

点火之前,循环泵已启动,建立了水循环,汽包受热比较均匀,启动初期循环倍率较大,管内有足够水量流动,而且给水和锅火经汽包、循环泵混合后进入水冷壁,锅水温度较均匀,控制循环锅炉点火初期无需其他措施来改善水冷壁的受热情况。

省煤器保护

控制循环锅炉在25%~30%额定负荷之前,领先循环水泵对省煤器进行强迫循环,其循环水量大,保护可靠。

⑷5%启动旁路作用

配有5%额定流量启动旁路的控制循环锅炉冷态启动一般不投用机组旁路。

启动时水循环不会有不安全问题,锅炉可以维持较低负荷运行,锅炉产生的少量蒸汽可以开始锅炉暖管、汽轮机冲转、暖机,缩短启动时间。汽温、汽压参数的匹配靠5%旁路:开大启动旁路,降低汽压、提高汽温;关小启动旁路,提高汽压,降低汽温。

⑸再热器运行

采用5%启动旁路机组,再热器无蒸汽通过,处于干烧状态,再热器本身采用高温材料外,运行时严格控制锅炉出口烟温。

⑹炉水循环水泵的运行

炉水泵启动前,先充水排除电动机和泵内的空气,炉水泵投运后,要确保其二次冷却水的畅通,泵的启停要监视汽包水位的变化。

一般一台炉水泵在点火前启动,第二台炉水泵在锅炉起压后、汽轮机冲转前启动,第三台留作备用。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep needed depends on the age of the person and

the conditions in which sleep takes place. The young may need more sleep than the old, but usually eight

hours are enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount,but others may need

more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of good judgement to satisfy his need. Sleep

should always be enough to make one bring back his strength and get ready for a day's work.

     Fresh air is necessary to sound sleep. It is not without reason for some people to think that it is practicable

to sleep in the open air. When one can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body the

most complete relaxation (松弛).

     Ability (能力) to sleep is large lay habit. The conditions re- ferred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door

exercises, a good habit of regular hours and the avoidance (避免) of late eating and worry, which are largely

within the control of any person, are all helpful to sound sleep.

     A bath at bedtime, neither hot nor cool but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleep-producing

drug (药) should never be taken except when suggested by a doctor.

1. How many hours are usually enough for the health of a pupil? [ ]

A. less than eight hours.

B. No more than eight hours.

C. Eight hours or so.

D. No less than eight hours.

2. What does "sound sleep" mean?  [ ]

A. Long sleep.

B. Fast sleep.

C. Complete sleep.

D. Sleep without any sound.

3. Which of the following is helpful to good sleep? [ ]

A. Keeping good habits.

B. Staying up late at night.

C. Eating something at bedtime.

D. Forming the habit of taking sleep-producing drug.

4. The amount of sleep a person needs has something to do with _____. [ ]

A. his age

B. his height

C. his weigh

D. his character

5. Before going to bed, you'd better not _____. [ ]

A. take a bath

B. do any housework

C. think a lot

D. go out for relaxation

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