问题 问答题 简答题

试述我国药用植物栽培的历史

答案

参考答案:

“神农尝百草,一日而七十毒”(《淮南子²修训》)的传说,则充分反映出我们祖先在实践中认识药物、应用药物。这个时期没有药用植物栽培,也谈不上中药材质量,人们只是采挖野生植物资源供药用。早在2600多年前《诗经》记载有枣、梅的栽培,既供果用,又可入药。

秦汉时期,出现了扁鹊、华佗、张仲景等名医,张骞(公元前138年前后)出使西域,把许多有药用价值的植物引种栽培,如将红花、安石榴、胡桃、胡麻、大蒜等在关内栽种,丰富了药用植物种类。

北魏贾思勰著《齐民要术》,记述了地黄、红花、吴茱萸、竹、姜、栀子、桑、胡麻、蒜等20余种药用植物栽培法。

隋朝在太医署下专设“主药”、“药园师”等职,掌管药用植物栽培,并设立药用植物引种园,“以时种莳,收采诸药”。在《隋书》中还有《种植药法》的记述。唐孙思邈《千金翼方》收载了枸杞、牛膝、地黄等药物的栽培方法,详述了选种、耕地、灌溉、施肥、除草等一整套栽培技术。北宋韩彦直《橘录》等书中记述了橘类、枇杷、通脱木、黄精等数十种药用植物栽培法。明清李时珍在《本草纲目》这部医药巨著中,仅“草部”就记述了荆芥、麦冬等62种药用植物为人工栽培,为世界各国研究药用植物栽培提供了极其宝贵的科学资料。新中国成立以来,药用植物栽培事业也得到了迅速发展。迄今我国野生变家种成功的药用植物有200多种。

单项选择题 A3/A4型题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Millions of aircraft take off around the world every year. The skies they fly in seem limitless-miles of

empty space. But, with the number of flights increasing each year, this emptiness no longer exists.

Researchers in the world of aviation (航空) are worried about the increasing pressure on pilots and ground

controllers. And increasing collisions, occurring at or near an airport, have called attention to the need for

more aids (辅助设备) to aviation control.

     People who travel the skies are not certain about air safety. A great deal of money is spent on new and

bigger aircraft and airports to deal with the vast increase in passengers travelling by air. Only a small

percentage of this money is spent on navigation (导航) and other aids. Actually, suitable electronic equipment

has long existed, and many companies market safety aids designed to make it safer for aircraft to take off, fly

any distance, and land, whatever the weather. Yet, there are two problems to be solved. The first is to get

governments, airlines and airport officials to agree to basic levels of safety aids. The second problem is to find

a way of meeting these basic requirements.

     But no matter how well the equipment works, operators of the equipment still play an important role.

Communications between pilots and ground controllers are extremely important to air safety. It is worth

pointing our that the mishearing or misunderstanding of instructions in English, and the use of another

language, in an international conversation, have led to two recent aircraft accidents. A new type of instrument (仪器) called FLIGHTWATCH would help pilots prevent airport collisions. It would be particularly helpful near

airports.

1. The increasing number of flights leads to the fact that _____.

A. flying is no longer limited in the sky

B. there is no empty space for aids to aviation control

C. piloting and controlling planes is getting more difficult

D. the pressure on the ground becomes greater

2. There is uncertainty about air safety because _____.

A. planes become bigger for the increasing number of passengers

B. money spent on electronic equipment is far from enough

C. suitable electronic equipment hasn't been invented yet

D. it is dangerous for planes to take off or land

3. The underlined word " collisions" probably means _____.

A. accidents in which two planes hit each other

B. misunderstandings between pilots and ground controllers

C. quarrels among passengers

D. breakdowns of new types of instrument

4. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A. governments and officials have paid great attention to air safety

B. there should be more companies to sell new safety aids

C. English should be used in an international conversation

D. understanding between pilots and ground controllers should be improved