问题 问答题 简答题

什么是降低催化裂化汽油硫含量的助催化剂?

答案

参考答案:

汽油中的硫绝大部分来自催化裂化汽油。因此,近年来,国外除了加快开发催化裂化汽油的选择性加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫等工艺技术以外,催化剂制造商正在大力开发能够在催化裂化过程中降低汽油硫含量的催化剂和助剂。

Grace—Davison公司开发的第一代GSR一1催化裂化汽油降硫助剂已在欧洲和北美得到广泛的应用,可使催化裂化汽油硫含量降低15%~25%。其主要活性组分为负载于氧化铝载体上的氧化锌。近年来,又在此基础上,添加了锐钛矿型二氧化钛,推出了GSR一2。

此外,作为其SuRCA系列催化剂的功能组元,GSR一4降硫助剂已在北美的三套装置上得到应用,可使催化裂化汽油硫含量降低20%。30%。美国Murphy石油公司在路易斯安那州Meraux的炼油厂改用Grace的SuRCA催化剂后的一些重要的结果见表1—33。Murphy公司和Grace方面对装置的收率保持跟踪,双方一致认为SuRCA对催化裂化装置的收率没有不利的影响。

最近,Grace—Davison公司又推出了其第三代催化裂化汽油降硫助剂。该催化剂使用了经过特殊处理的USY分子筛,具有强的Lewis酸中心,可进一步使催化裂化汽油硫含量降低40%。Akzo—Nobel公司最近也开发了降低催化裂化汽油硫含量的RESOLVE催化剂工艺技术,使用了ADM一20高可接近性担体和高氢转移活性组分,可使催化裂化汽油硫含量降低20%,已开始进行工业应用。我国石油科学研究院在开发催化裂化汽油降硫助剂方面进行了大量的基础性研究,认识到催化裂化汽油降硫助剂需要较强的氢转移活性和裂化开环活性,需要较强的Lewis酸中心与口酸中心的协同作用。目前,正在大力开发相应的产品。

选择题
填空题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results_____(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative_____(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _____(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away_____(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives_____(5) needs, wants or desires,_____(6) negative drives as fears or aversions._____ (7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically_____(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in_____(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior.____(10) this reason, researchers often refer _____(11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _____(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward_____ (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _____(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to_____(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain_____(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and_____(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin_____(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams._____(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal — attractiveness; in the____(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal — wrinkled skin.