问题 名词解释

汉调艺人进京对京剧的形成起到了什么作用?

答案

参考答案:

汉调艺人进京对京剧的形成起到的作用主要表现在一下三个方面。

首先,表现在对徽班声腔和剧目的影响上。汉调艺人所唱腔调是皮黄,虽然其中也有二黄,但同徽班的二黄相比,有更为浓郁的楚地风格。而且它的二黄板式比之徽班要成熟。它的加入一是丰富了徽班的声腔内容;二是促进了其本身二黄腔的成熟;三是再一次的皮黄合流加快了京剧形成的步伐。在剧目上,徽班在吸收汉调艺人入班的同时的到了一批优秀的剧目,也因此将汉调所特有的一些表演技巧学习了过来。

其次,汉调艺人的进京使得观众的欣赏趣味由旦行转到了老生行上来了,从而激活了一大批老生剧目如:《让成都》、《文昭关》、《定军山》等。自清初以来,中国戏曲舞台上最活跃的都是粉黛巾帼,而男儿须眉次之。各班的挑梁的均为旦角,如来京唱秦腔的魏长生;三庆班的班主高朗亭等。但时所演的剧目,也都是旦角为主的如:《烤火》、《花鼓》、《小寡妇上坟》等。汉调演员进京后则情形大变。汉调进京的艺人米应先。余三胜、王洪贵等全为生行,而且技艺卓绝,极大的吸引了观众的兴趣。观众的欣赏兴趣便不再只停留在外貌好看的旦角上,而关注其具有更浓厚内涵与韵味的生行来。看戏也开始由看人到看技转变。如程长庚、余三胜、张二奎等老生演员的名气也远比旦角演员要大。其剧目也变为重唱老生戏受欢迎,如:《让成都》、《文昭关》、《定军山》、《捉放曹》等。

再次,在演唱的语言上对徽班进行了改造,渐渐削弱了徽班的地方特色,也打破了徽班在舞台语言上同北京观众的隔阂。他们同徽班艺人一起,使用了一种统一的语言即中原音韵(中州韵)和统一的声调湖广音。同时有吸收了北京的一些地方字音,使徽班演出更加贴近北京群众。其次,中原音韵的使用是的徽班所唱得当戏极易在北京地区流传,扩大了他们的观众群,从而也扩大了他们的影响。另外,中州韵的使用,使得徽班在演出语言使用上有了统一的标准,这样便为它的进一步发展为京剧准备了条件。

综上所述,徽班最终由徽调变为皮黄再变为京剧,汉调艺人起到了举足轻重的作用。

单项选择题
阅读理解

     In 1970, tragedy struck the Gerstman family when Harvey and Carol Gerstman's daughter, Lisa

Beth, was killed in a summer camp bus accident. Because camp had been such a joy in Lisa Beth's life,

the Gerstmans wanted to start a foundation in her name. They wanted to bring that same summer camp

joy Lisa Beth felt to other children. When Lisa Beth's brother, Dan, heard the Cross Island YMCA

(CIYMCA) was looking for funds to help send physically disabled children to summer camp, he knew it

was the perfect way to keep Lisa Beth's memory alive.

     Dan soon learned that many disabled children spent the summer indoors while their ablebodied peers

enjoyed camp. The added costs of onetoone care and specialized busing for the disabled children

prevented them from being able to join in summer camp. The Gerstman family responded to this need

by setting up the Lisa Beth Gerstman Foundation in 2003. Its mission (使命) is to provide children with

physical disabilities the opportunity to attend camps in an integrated (综合的) setting.

     During its first summer, the foundation teamed up with CIYMCA and funded 20 physically disabled

kids with varying degrees of disabilities. The children were given the opportunity to experience the joys

of summer camp, build lasting friendships and develop their selfconfidence.

     Over the last five years, the Lisa Beth Gerstman Foundation has been partnering with camps that are

willing to launch (发起) integrated programs that include wheelchair accessible transportation, onetoone

swimming instruction, adaptive physical education equipment and training, all in a caring environment

where the children join in all regular camp activities.Last summer, the foundation partnered with six

camps, which allowed a total of 150 physically disabled children to experience summer camp.

1. What stopped disabled kids from joining in summer camp according to the passage?

A. Some extra costs for it.

B. Lack of enough time

C. No permission from parents.

D. Lack of selfconfidence.

2. What's the purpose of setting up the Lisa Beth Gerstman Foundation?

A. To develop children's confidence.

B. To raise money for disabled children.

C. To organize summer camp for different people.

D. To make it possible for disabled children to attend camps.

3. According to the passage, the Lisa Beth Gerstman Foundation ________.

A. is in the charge of CIYMCA

B. has a history of over 30 years

C. has gained support from camps

D. funded 150 disabled kids during its first summer