问题 材料题

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一 1784年,从纽约港驶出的开往中国的美国船——“中国皇后号”,抵达广州,……返航时,满载茶叶、棉布、瓷器、丝等货物。这次首航投资是12万美元,利润率高达25%,更重要的是,英国的垄断被打破,中美之间航线被打通。此后,美国掀起了第一次对华“贸易热”。早期对华贸易,对美国摆脱大西洋贸易面临的窘境,促进东部商业城市的发展,都起了积极作用。……但分析(到鸦片战争)这六十年的变化却更富有意义。 ——摘编自罗荣渠《美国历史通论》

(1)据材料一并结合所学知识,指出“中国皇后号”来华60年间,中美两国经济地位各自发生的重要变化,说明中国出现这一变化的政策因素。

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材料二 杜鲁门总统在1945年9月告诉一位顾问说:“美国未来的海外利益将在西半球和太平洋。”他认为美国在亚洲的利益有赖于加强蒋介石的国民党 * * ,它将取代日本作为这个地区的稳定力量。华盛顿官员相信,通过与蒋介石合作,不仅中国的巨大市场可以被开发出来,其他亚洲国家也可以成为美国的市场。为数多达十亿的亚洲消费者将对避免另一场经济危机大有助益。 ——摘编自(美)拉费伯尔《美国、俄国和冷战》

(2)根据材料二,指出二战后初期美国的对华政策及其意图,并分析美国这一政策的最终结局对1949年后的中美关系造成的影响。

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材料三 1979年中美建交以来两国贸易和投资的总量都有了较大增长,但是经贸关系仍主要服务于美国外交和战略上的考虑。冷战结束后,美国工商界担心欧洲和日本利用中美关系的紧张在华谋求不公平的商业利益,逐渐把中美商务关系置于两国关系的核心地位。

——摘编自叶蔚然《关门前的谈判——中国复关、入世台前幕后》

(3)据材料三,概括冷战结束前后,中美经贸关系在美国对华政策中地位的变化。结合所学知识,分析这一变化的原因。据图,指出中美两国在中国“复关”问题上的最大分歧。

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答案

(1)变化:美国从经济依附地位走向独立富强(或:美国逐步崛起为新兴工业强国);中国从独立的经济地位开始沦为资本主义经济的附庸(或:中国从独立自主的封建国家开始沦为半殖民地)。政策因素:清政府实行闭关政策。

(2)政策:扶持蒋介石的国民党 * * (扶蒋 * * )。意图:着眼争霸世界的全球战略;利用蒋介石的国民党 * * 作为维护地区稳定的力量;通过与蒋介石 * * 合作,开发包括中国在内的庞大亚洲市场,避免经济危机。影响:美国的扶蒋 * * 政策以失败告终,造成了中美两国20多年的紧张对抗。

(3)变化:冷战结束前,美国对华经贸主要服务于外交和战略上的需要;冷战结束后,美国逐渐把双边经贸置于两国关系的核心地位。

单项选择题 案例分析题
阅读理解

Have you listened to music on an iPod? Used a computer at home? Those are just two of the ways your life was touched by the work of Steve Jobs.

Jobs, one founder of Apple Computers, died on Wednesday, October 5, 2011 at the age of 56. He had been fighting with cancer since 2004.

Steven Jobs was born in Los Altos, California. He and his childhood friend, Steve Wozniak, designed and built the first Apple computer in his parents’ garage in the 1970s. The Apple II, built when Jobs was just 21 years old, was the first personal computer to be widely sold to the public.

Steven Jobs didn’t stop there. He went on to invent more devices (设备) that allowed people to bring their own creativity to computing: the Macintosh, the iPod, the iPhone, the iPad. People found his products beautiful and easy to use.

Jobs also changed the music and film industries. He started Pixar, a film production company in 1986. Toy Story was the world’s first computer-animated feature film (电脑动画电影).

“Steve was among the greatest of American innovators — brave enough to think differently, confident enough to believe he could change the world, and clever enough to do it,” said President Barack Obama. “By making computers personal and putting the Internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only easy to reach, but fun ... And there may be no greater praise to Steve’s success than the fact that much of the world learned of his death on a device he invented.”

All around the world, people are talking about the effects that Jobs’ creations have had. By creating products that surprised people, he changed the way people worked and lived their everyday lives.

小题1:Which of the following about Steve Jobs is NOT true?

A.He was born in California in 1955.

B.He built the Apple II in 1970.

C.He set up a film production company at 31.

D.He was found to suffer from cancer at 49.小题2:The underlined word “innovators” in Paragraph 6 could best be replaced by _____.

A.inventors

B.businessmen

C.producers

D.founders小题3:According to Barack Obama, the highest praise for Steve Jobs is that _____.

A.his products are widely used all over the world

B.his products are thought to be beautiful and easy to use

C.people all over the world are sad at his death

D.people learned about his death from his products小题4:Jobs changed the way we work and live by _____.

A.building the first personal computer

B.making computer-animated feature films

C.developing the music industry

D.creating surprising products