问题 问答题 简答题

详述水闸的分类。

答案

参考答案:

⑴按承担的任务分:

主要分为节制、进水、分洪、排水、挡潮、冲沙闸6种。

①节制闸:拦河或建在渠首,用于拦洪、调节水位以满足上游引水或航运的需要,控制下泄流量,保证下游河道安全或根据需要调节放水流量。

②进水闸:建在河道、水库或湖泊岸边,用来控制引水流量,以满足灌溉、发电或供水的需要,又称取水闸或渠首闸。

③分洪闸:建于河道一侧,用来将超过现有安全的洪水量泄入分洪区或分洪道。

④排水闸:建于江河沿岸,用于排除内河或低洼地区的渍水。具有双向挡水的作用,可引、挡外河水,也可排、挡内河水。

⑤挡潮闸:建于入海河口,涨潮关闭以防海水倒灌;退潮开启泄水。具有双向挡水的特点。

⑥冲沙闸:建在进水闸一侧、拦河闸并排等,用于排除闸前或坝前淤积的泥沙,延长水库等的使用寿命。

⑵按结构形式分:开敞式、胸墙式、涵洞式等。

①开敞式水闸:对有泄洪、过木、排冰或其他漂浮物要求的水闸,如节制闸、分洪闸等大多采用。

②胸墙式水闸:一般用于上游水位变幅较大、水闸净宽又为低水位过闸流量所控制、在高水位时仍需用闸门控制流量的水闸,如进水闸、排水闸、挡潮闸等多用该形式。

③涵洞式水闸:多用于穿堤取水或排水。

⑶按过流量大小分:大型(Q>1000m3/s)、中型(Q=100~1000m3/s)、小型(Q<100m3/s)。

名词解释
单项选择题

Most people would be (1) by the high quality of medicine (2) to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of (3) to the individual, a (4) amount of advanced technical equipment, and (5) effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must (6) in the courts if they (7) things badly.

But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in (8) health care is organized and (9) . (10) to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system. The private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not (11) the less fortunate and the elderly.

But even with this huge public part of the system, (12) this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U. S. Budget—large number of Americans are left (13) . These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits (14) income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.

The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control (15) the health system. There is no (16) to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is (17) up. Two thirds of the population (18) covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want (19) that the insurance company will pay the bill.

The rising cost of medicine in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the country’s health bill climbed 15.9 percent--about twice as fast as prices (20) general.

4()

A.countless

B.titanic

C.broad

D.vast