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试述新中国成立初期面临的国际环境。

答案

参考答案:

1949年新中国的诞生是第二次世界大战以后最重大的政治事件,对国际局势和世界人民斗争的发展具有深刻而久远的影响。它冲破了帝国主义的东方战线,大大激励了受帝国主义、殖民主义剥削和压迫的国家和人民。它大大加强了社会主义阵营的力量,使之横亘欧亚,连成一片。新中国的建立,不仅使中国的国际地位发生了根本的变化,而且改变了世界政治力量的对比,有利于世界和平力量和人类进步事业。

新中国成立之际面临着复杂、尖锐的国际环境。第二次世界大战战胜了帝国主义列强中的德、意、日三个法西斯国家,使其失去了所有的殖民地;英法两个老牌帝国主义国家也受到极大削弱。战前帝国主义六大列强中的五个已经衰败。只有美国远离战场,没有受到破坏。战后,美国凭借高度膨胀了的经济、军事实力企图霸占世界。罗斯福的“世界主义”抱负和“理想主义”的迷人色彩,依然是美国外交政策的基石。美国认为,战后秩序的维持非靠美国不可,从而应确保美国的领袖地位。

战后社会主义和世界各国人民的力量有了很大的发展。社会主义由一国的胜利变成了多国的实践,形成了强大的社会主义阵营。到40年代末,社会主义国家之间以马克思主义为纽带,通过双边或多边条约、协定,结成了社会主义阵营。社会主义阵营的形成捍卫了世界和平,鼓舞了民族解放运动,沉重地打击了帝国主义和殖民主义。当然,随着社会主义阵营的形成,也提出了一系列的新问题,如各社会主义国家的发展道路、社会主义国家间的相互关系问题等等。

战后初期,美苏两国摩擦不断,对抗不止,到40年代末,两国终于由盟友变成了敌手。1947年3月,美国抛出了杜鲁门主义,这标志着美国对苏联及社会主义国家进行“冷战”的开始。1949年7月,北大西洋公约组织的建立,实现了欧美军事合作。1947年9月,苏东等国建立了欧洲 * * 党和工人党情报局。1949年,苏联与东欧五国成立了经济互助委员会,实现了同东欧国家的合作。1955年,苏联同东欧国家在华沙缔结了友好互助条约,并设立了统一的武装部队司令部和政治协商委员会。这样,在50年代初不仅在欧洲形成了两个对立的军事集团,而且使两大集团的对峙带有强烈的军事色彩。

第二次世界大战使世界殖民体系遭到了根本性的破坏,为民族解放运动的发展创造了空前有利的条件。战争期间北非的民族资本主义得到很大的发展,民族资产阶级的力量得到加强。它们高举反法西斯的旗帜,进行民族解放斗争。在离战场较远的拉丁美洲,各国的资本主义同样也有了增长,民族意识明显加强。它们为发展民族经济和捍卫民族独立进行了协调和合作。在亚洲,由于日本帝国主义对各国的入侵和造成的严重破坏,抗日运动蜂起。在抗日运动中,各 * * 党起了组织和推动作用,不仅有力地促进了当地的抗日斗争,还为战后民族解放运动的开展准备了重要的条件。战后,亚洲一大批殖民地、半殖民地国家在中国人民革命的影响下,挣脱殖民枷锁,取得了民族独立,建立了战后第一批新型的民族独立国家,使具有几百年的殖民体系从此走向土崩瓦解。战后,亚洲新型民族独立国家的建立,改变了亚洲和世界的政治格局。但是,帝国主义和殖民主义决不甘心它们的失败,企图采用各种手段扼杀这些国家的民族解放斗争,试图恢复战前的殖民统治。新型民族独立国家同帝国主义在政治、经济、军事、外交方面展开了斗争。这些斗争,构成了该地区国际关系的主要内容。

新中国建立伊始,以美国为首的帝国主义侵略势力并不甘心在中国的失败。他们继续支持蒋介石集团,对中国采取政治上不承认、经济上封锁和军事上包围的政策,拒绝承认新中国,阻挠恢复新中国在国际组织中的合法席位。由于中国革命胜利对亚洲产生的重大影响,美国一直把“ * * 党中国”视为在亚洲面临的最为复杂和严重的问题。朝鲜战争爆发后,美国由不承认新中国转变为敌视新中国。

阅读理解

The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As one Norwegian politician said last week: “ We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”

Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a program of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few years this program has had a great deal of success. Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.

The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 percent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.

The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.

小题1:The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to ______.

A.provide more jobs for foreign workers

B.slow down the rate of its development

C.sell the oil it is producing abroad

D.develop more quickly than at present小题2:The Norwegian Government has tried to ______.

A.encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources

B.prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway

C.help the oil companies solve many of their problems

D.keep the oil industry to something near its present size小题3:According to the passage, the oil industry might lead northern Norway to ______.

A.the development of industry

B.a growth in population

C.the failure of the development program

D.the development of new towns小题4:In the south, one effect to the development of the oil industry might be ______.

A.a large reduction on unemployment

B.a growth in the tourist industry

C.a reduction in the number of existing industries

D.the development of a number of service industries小题5:Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because ______.

A.they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal

B.their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal

C.their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society

D.they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life

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