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我国煤层顶板岩石组合分为五种类型,它们分别是什么?常见的代表性岩层有哪些?它们具有什么样的冒落特征?

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我国煤层顶板岩石组合分为五种类型,它们分别是:

Ⅰ类易冒落的松软顶板。常见的代表性岩层有页岩、层理发育的粉砂岩、泥岩胶结构的薄层砂岩。冒落特征是顶板随回柱而夸落,基本上填满采空区,从工作面看不到采空区有明显空隙;

Ⅱ类中等冒落性的顶板。常见的代表性岩层有直接顶:页岩、粉砂岩;老顶:砂岩、砾岩、石灰岩。冒落特征是直接顶随回柱而跨落,但采空区未填满,从工作面可看到有明显空隙,老顶几天后才能垮落;

Ⅲ类难冒落的坚硬顶板。常见的代表性岩层有普通的中砂岩、粗砂岩、砂砾岩、坚硬的粉砂岩。冒落特征是老顶直接位于煤层之上,且不随回柱而垮落,在采空区悬伸一个相当长度后才垮落。

Ⅳ极难冒落坚硬顶板。常见的代表性岩层有:细砂岩、坚硬的中砂岩、粗砂岩、砂砾岩;整体性的石灰岩。冒落特征是老顶直接位于煤层之上,回柱后采空区顶板在长时期限内呈大面积悬露状态常达几千米以上才突然垮落;

Ⅴ类顶板能塑性弯曲的顶板。常见的代表性岩层是节理发育的石灰岩。冒落特征是位于直老顶直接位于煤层之上,回柱后采空区内顶板呈塑性弯曲而不跨落,至放顶线后10~20米处降落至底板。

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Bill Gates receives honorary knighthood


Britain’s Queen Elizabeth stands with Microsoft chairman and philanthropist Bill Gates after presenting him with an honorary knighthood at Buckingham Palace, London, March 2, 2005.
Sir Bill Not quite. Proclaiming himself "humbled and delighted," Microsoft founder Bill Gates received an honorary knighthood Wednesday from Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ—an accolade that allows the recipient to use "KBE" after his (1) , but not to put "Sir" in front of it.
One of the world’s richest men, Gates, 49, was (2) honored for his charitable activities around the world and his contribution (3) enterprises in Britain.
Past recipients of the honorary knighthood (4) from Irish singer Bob Geldof to former U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
"This (5) is particularly poignant given the deep connections Microsoft enjoys (6) the United Kingdom," said Gates, whose company employs about 2000 people in (7) .
Gates’ royal honor—bestowed by the queen on the advice of the (8) —was announced in January 2004, but a "mutually convenient" date to (9) it had not been available until now.
British recipients of knighthoods are entitled to be (10) with a "Sir" before their names. The honor was long the (11) of senior soldiers, judges and other servants of the state, but recent years have seen the creation of Sir Paul McCartney, (12) Mick Jagger and Sir Elton John.
As an American, Gates is not entitled to use (13) before his name, but he can put the initials KBE—Knight Commander of the (14) Empire—after his name.
Gates joins a roster of American (15) that includes former presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush, comedian (16) Hope, retired U.S. Army Gen. Tommy Franks and former Secretary of (17) Colin Powell.
Gates said he was proud of what he called (18) "special relationship" with Britain.
"The U.K. was the first country in (19) Microsoft set up a subsidiary outside the U.S., and our experience in the (20) has been significant in shaping our international growth," he said.
Microsoft’s British facilities include Research Cambridge, a laboratory established in 1997 in the university town that employs 80 scientists. In 2000, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced a donation of $210 million to Cambridge University to create a scholarship program for graduate students from outside Britain.