问题 问答题 论述题

冷战时期日本对外政策与对外关系的演变 。

答案

参考答案:

(一)20世纪五六十年代实行向美国一边倒。

战后初期,日本在外无国权、内无实力的境况下,日本对外战略的基本目标就是依附美国的前提下,重返国际社会。1951年签订的〈日美安全保障条约〉,规定美军可以无限期地留驻日本,并可以出兵 * * 日本的"内乱",日本实际上仍然处于被美国半占领的状态。为此,日本全盘接受美国在日本进行的一系列政治和经济高歌,同美国结成 * * 军事同盟。

20C50年代中期,日本为给国内经济发展创造有利的国际环境,在经济上也推动重返国际社会,积极开展经济外交。日本在此期间先后加入了国际货币基金组织,关税与贸易总协定。日本的经济外交首先以亚洲为目标,以东南亚为重点,体现了日本意欲提高在亚洲的国际地位,取得"亚洲盟主"资格的用心。同时它还积极扩大同美国、欧洲的经贸关系。

日本谋求外交上的自立,并非是要摆脱美国,而是要既与美国保持密切关系,又不受美国束缚,从而有利于日本提高国际地位。

(二)20世纪70年代推行多边自主外交

日本多边自主外交的核心是,改变盲目追随美国的外交政策,独立自主地制订日本的对外战略,加强同世界各国的多边往来,发挥日本在国际舞台上的大国作用,其主要内容是:

(1)以日、美安全保障体制为基轴,谋求同美国建立"富有成果的伙伴关系"。

(2)恢复日中邦交,构筑远东地区日、中、美三角关系。

(3)加强同第三世界国家的经济政治联系。

(三)20世纪80年代提出政治大国战略

1983年7月,日本首相中曾根康弘第一次正式提出日本要做政治大国。其政治大国的基本含义包括:

(1)以日美同盟为轴心,以日、美、欧体制为基点,作为西方阵营的重要一员在国际上发挥作用;

(2)立足于亚太合作为杠杆,确立日本在亚太的主导地位;

(3)以经济实力为后盾,积极扩大在国际社会尤其是第三世界的影响;

(4)积极全面地参与国际事务,在国际机构中发挥作用,增加对国际事务的发言权;

(5)在综合安全保障的原则框架内,适度增强军事实力。

20世纪80年代,日本为了谋求政治大国地位,采取了以下步骤:

(1)在政治上"战后政治总决算"。

(2)在经济上和科技上努力保持国际领先地位,以增强对国际事务的支配能力。

(3)在军事上放弃了战后实行多年的"重经济、轻武装"的"军事小国"路线,开始大力扩充军事力量。

(4)在外交上,从政治大国目标出发构筑日本对外关系,树立新的国际形象。:

A、日美关系为外交基轴,坚持"四方一员"的立场,确立日、美、欧三极体制;

B、继续稳定发展日中之间的成熟关系;

C、加强与东盟国家关系,促进与亚太地区国家的合作;

D、积极参与国际事务,重新树立国际形象。

单项选择题
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No matter how long your life, you will, at best, be able to read only a few books of all that have been written, and the few you do read should include the best. You can rejoice in the fact that the number of such is relatively small.

________________ Yet there is a surprising uniformity in the lists which represent the best choices of any period. In every age, the list makers include both ancient and modern books in their selections, and they always wonder whether the moderns are up to the great books of the past.

What are the signs by which we may recognize a great book? The four I will mention may not be all they are, but they are the ones I’ve found most useful in explaining my choices over the years.

Great books are probably the most widely read. They are not best sellers for a year or two. They are enduring best sellers. GONE WITH THE WIND has had relatively few readers compared to the plays of Shakespeare or DON QUIXOTE. It would be reasonable to estimate that Homer’s Iliad(伊丽亚特)has been read by at least 25,000,000 people in the last 3000 years.

Great books are popular, not pedantic. They are not written by specialists about specialties for specialists. Whether they are philosophy or science, or history or poetry, they treat of human, not academic problems. They are written for men, not professors. To read a textbook for advanced students, you have to read an elementary textbook first. But the great books can be considered elementary in the sense that they treat the elements of any subject matter. They are not related to one another as a series of textbooks, graded in difficulty or in the technicality of the problems with which they deal.

Great books are always contemporary, the most readable and instructive.

Great books deal with the persistently unsolved problems of human life. There are genuine mysteries in the world that mark the limits of human knowing and thinking. Inquiry not only begins with wonder, but usually ends with it also. Great minds acknowledge mysteries honestly. Wisdom is fortified, not destroyed, by understanding its limitations.

64.Which of the following can be put in the blank in the second paragraph?

A.Great books deal with the persistently unsolved problems of human life.

B.It is to be expected that the selections will change with the times

C.The listing of the best books is as old as reading and writing.

D.The fundamental human problems remain the same in all ages.

65.According to the author, Gone With The Wind is ________.

A.a best seller                                               

B.disgusted by readers who like Shakespeare

C.read more often than Don Quixote        

D.a great book

66.In the passage “pedantic” means ________.

A.showing the feelings, esp, those of kindness, which people are supposed to have

B.serving as practical examples

C.being elementary

D.paying too much attention to details in books

67.The best title for this passage is ________.

A.Great Books in Your Life       B.Great Books in Your Speciality

C.How to Find a Great Book?    D.What Is a Great Book?