手工编程有哪些步骤？并分别予以说明。
参考答案：
（1）图样分析包括对零件轮廓形状、有关标注（尺寸精度、形状和位置精度及表面粗糙度要求等）及材料和热处理等项要求所进行的分析。
（2）辅助准备包括确定机床和夹具、机床坐标系、编程坐标系、对刀方法、对刀点位置及机械间隙值等。
（3）工艺处理其内容包括：加工余量与分配、刀具的运动方向与加工路线、加工用量及确定程序编制的允许误差等方面。
（4）数学处理包括尺寸分析与作图、选择处理方法、数值计算及对拟合误差的分析和计算等。
（5）填写加工程序单按照数控系统规定的程序格式和要求填写零件的加工程序单及其加工条件等内容。
（6）制备控制介质数控机床在自动输入加工程序时，必须有输入用的控制介质，如穿孔带、磁带及软盘等。这些控制介质是以代码信息表示加工程序的一种方式。穿孔带的制备一般由手工操作完成。
（7）程序校验包括对加工程序单的填写、控制介质的制备、刀具运动轨迹及首件试切等项内容所进行的单项或综合校验工作。
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。 注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只写一个单词。 Country-dwellers(农村居民) often say the constant noise, heavy traffic and crowds of the city would drive them mad. Well, they might be right, according to the latest research. City residents are more likely to develop mental illnesses than those who live in villages, a study has found. Researchers from Cardiff university examined the lifestyles of more than 200,000 people in Sweden and found that those who lived in urban areas were more at risk from mental illnesses than people who lived in villages. The experts don’t know exactly why this is but they suggest that town and city residents are more likely to be ostracized(排挤) by those around them. They are more likely to experience discrimination(歧视) if they do not fit in, which can lead to them feeling anxious and even developing mental illnesses. Dr Stanley Zammit, who led the research said that people living in towns and cities are more likely to develop other mental illnesses that result in personality changes — a condition known as non-affective psychosis(非情感性精神病). Earlier this year an official report found that village-dwellers live an average of two years longer than those living in towns and cities. According to figures from the Office of National Statistics in the UK, men who live in villages are likely to live for between 78 and 79 years, while those in towns and cities can expect to survive to an age of 76. Women on average survive to their 81st birthday in towns and cities, but live to between 82 and 83 in villages. The small marked town of Wimborne Minster in rural Dorset was named the healthiest place to live in.
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