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什么是垫头交易?

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参考答案:

垫头交易,亦称“信用交易”、或“保证金交易”,指由证券公司等向购股资金不足的顾客贷放资金,或向欲售股票而未持股票的顾主提供股票等有价证券,而证券公司或经纪人向借款人索取垫付款项利息的交易。在这种交易形式下,所购的股票等有价证券要抵押在证券公司或经纪人手中,并向借款人收取高于银行存款的垫款利息作为佣金。当借款人不能偿还垫款时,经纪人或证券公司有权卖出这些被抵押的股票等证券。保证金信用交易可以分为保证金买入交易和保证金卖出交易两种。

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Deflation is an economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money. In its developed (1) , it constitutes an analysis of the (2) underlying inflation and deflation. As (3) by the English philosopher John Locke in the 17th century, the Scottish (4) David Hume in the 18th century, and (5) , it was a weapon (6) the mercantilists, who were thought to equate wealth with money. If the (7) of money by a nation merely raised (8) , argued the quantity theorists, then a "favourable" balance of trade, (9) desired by mercantilists, would increase the supply of money but would not in-crease (10) . In the 19th century the quantity theory (11) to the ascendancy of free trade over protectionism. In the 19th and 20th centuries it played a part in the (12) of business cycles and in the theory of foreign (13) rates.

The (14) theory came under attack during the 1930s, (15) monetary expansion seemed ineffective in combating deflation. Economists argued that the levels of investment and government spending were more important than the money supply in determining economic activity.

The tide of opinion (16) again in the 1960s, when experience (17) post-World WarⅡ inflation and new empirical (18) of money and prices— (19) A Monetary History of the United States (1963) by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz—restored much of the quantity theory’ s lost prestige. One implication of this theory is that the size of the stock of money must be considered when shaping governmental policies (20) to control prices and maintain full employment.

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