问题 问答题

简述公共组织及其构成要素。

答案

参考答案:从动态上讲,公共组织是指为完成行政管理任务而进行的组织活动和运行过程。公共组织的要素包括:
(1) 人员。任何组织都是以人为核心的,组织首先不是物质关系的体现,而是人际关系的体现。
(2) 目标。组织都是为了实现某个目标而建立起来的,它决定着组织行为的方式和组织发展的方向,是组织成员认为可以追求达到的某种未实现的状态或条件。公共组织的目标是实施对公共事务的管理和协调公共利益关系。
(3) 职能。围绕组织目标,组织必须对其职能范围进行界定,明确组织的工作任务与活动领域。职能范围是组织目标的具体化,它决定着组织规模、内部职位设置等方面的内容。
(4) 机构。机构设置是承载组织权力的一系列特定的机构的确定,它是组织内部分工的结果,公共组织通过一定的机构体现出来。
(5) 职位。职位设置指一定机构内职位(包括职级、职数、职责等)的确定。职位是公共组织运行最基本的要素之一,职位设置保证了组织权力的流动和组织资源的整合与分配。
(6) 职权。权力指影响他人的能力,职权是指被组织正式承认的权力,它主要来自组织的认可,与职位密切相关。
(7) 权责。权责划分指公共组织中各个部门、层次、成员之间若干从属、并列等相互关系的确认。权责划分是保证组织角色明晰化的基本手段。
(8) 规章制度。规章制度是指以书面文件等形式对组织构建、组织行为、运行程序等进行严格规范。规章制度需要足够的相容性,以与其他组织和社会规则相适应。规章制度对组织成员具有普遍约束力,是正式组织与非正式组织最明显的区别之一。
(9) 团体意识。团体意识是形成组织目标的共同心理基础。缺乏团体意识,难以组织集体行动。公共组织往往需要比私人组织统一程度更高的团体意识。
(10) 组织设计。组织设计主要指组织结构的分化和整合及组织目标的修正,它是公共组织构成诸要素中最为复杂的部分。组织是一个开放系统,因而必须依靠组织设计来进行调整,以适应客观环境的变化。
(11) 支持硬件。组织尽管是人际关系的体现.但不能离开物质硬件的支持,硬件包括公共组织赖以存在的载体如场地、房屋、办公设备、经费等。
(12) 技术和信息。公共组织构成因素中的技术不仅指组织活动过程中所采用的科学技术,也包括组织决策原则、方式在内的“政治技术”。信息是组织活动不可缺少的因素,信息传递的途径和方式,也是组织各部分相互协调的途径和方式,组织过程在一定意义上是一个信息收集、整理、制造、传递、反馈的过程。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Nineteen-year-old Christopher Paolini has always loved adventure books. In fact, he plotted out his

first book, Eragon, when he was just fifteen!Eragon is selling more copies than most of the Harry Potter

books. A reporter from Who's News talked to this young author about his books and how he ended up

being one of the best-selling authors of all time!

     Reporter : ________                                                                  

     Christopher Paolini (CP): I love fantasy. I love the sense of awe (敬畏) and wonder that you always

get at the end of a great book . Eragon was an attempt to express that. When I was about twelve, I read

a book called Jeremy Thatcher, Dragon Hatcher. It's about a young boy who went into a mysterious

shop and bought a dragon egg that ends up hatching. It stuck in my head. Eragon was an attempt to see

what I could do with the idea myself.

     Reporter : Where else do you get your idea?

     CP: I'm definitely influenced by authors who have a fairly inventive use of language, imaginative worlds and a sense of wonder-authors who write about things that other people don't.

Reporter : What was the hardest thing about writing Eragon?

     CP: Probably the editing (编辑) because I wasn't used to it. It was a kind of shock doing it. But also

I had to learn a huge amount about grammar and commas and other things I'd never paid much attention

to before. I'd say that editing and writing are pretty much equal in difficulty. My raw writing is a lot more

professional now than it ever was before because of everything I learned through the editing process.

     Reporter : How do you avoid becoming frustrated with the writing process?

     CP: Write about what you enjoy the most or what touches you the most; otherwise you'll never be

able to survive a book-length project.

     Reporter : Anything else you'd like to share with our readers?

     CP: Before I wrote Eragon, I spent an entire month plotting out the entire story so I wasn't writing

blindly. That helps. I really poured my heart and soul into it. It's not just an adventure story: it is about

Eragon trying to work out who we are, why we are here and how we can live honorably.

1. The reporter's first question is most likely to be " ________".

A. What's the most interesting thing about Eragon?

B. How long did it take you to write Eragon?

C. How has your writing improved after Eragon?

D. What inspired you to write Eragon?

2. What does the underlined word "that" refer to in the third paragraph?

A. A story.    

B. The sense of awe and wonder.

C. An idea.        

D. A great book or movie.

3. What does Paolini find as difficult as writing?

A. Plotting out the story.    

B. Grammar and commas.

C. The editing process.      

D. The creative use of language.

4. Which of the following BEST indicates Paolini devoted himself completely to writing Eragon?

A. "Write about what you enjoy the most or what touches you the most."

B. "Eragon was an attempt to see what I could do with the idea myself."

C. "I spent an entire month plotting out the entire story."

D. "I really poured my heart and soul into it."

单项选择题