问题 单项选择题

飞行任务书是许可飞行人员进行转场飞行和民用航空飞行的基本文件。飞行任务书由()签发

A.驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的调度或签派部门

B.驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的负责人

C.驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的运行管理部门

答案

参考答案:B

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文章,回答下列小题。

茶与禅

禅宗与茶文化有着极为密切的关联,素有“茶禅一味”的说法,也就是说,禅味与茶味是同一种兴味。苏轼有茶联:“茶笋尽禅味,松杉真法音”。明代陆容有诗:“江南风致说僧家,石上清泉竹里荼。法藏名僧知更好,香烟茶韵满袈裟。”可见禅与茶文化的影响。

茶禅文化兴起于唐代。饮茶之风的盛行同禅宗的广泛传播有着密切的关系。

在寺院生活中,茶占据着重要的地位。例如,供奉祖师时,有“奠茶”,挂单时有“戒腊茶”,平日有“普茶”。由此可见,茶是寺院仪式中不可缺少的组成部分。南宗禅有专门的荼的仪式,僧众集合在菩提达摩像前饮茶,15世纪便发展为日本的茶道。

茶文化在兴起之初便与禅文化紧密结合,原因大致有两个。第一是茶的提神、益思的功用,也就是封演书中所说的“学禅务不寐,又不餐食,皆许其饮茶”。陆羽在《茶经》中也提到:“荡昏寐,饮之以茶。”传说达摩少林面壁,揭眼皮堕地而成茶树,这从一个侧面说明了茶与禅的联系。茶对于“坐禅五调”(调食、调睡眠、调身、调心、调息)都有一定的帮助。而茶与禅在特性上的相通之处,则是茶禅文化长期融和发展的重要原因。

“苦”是佛教四谛之一,而茶味苦,这是茶与禅相当表面的关联。唐代之前,寺院煎茶时,多配以果料、香料等混合制作成“茶苏”饮用,而唐代禅宗大兴之后,就不再配以佐料,意在品味茶独特的味。

禅宗强调直指人心,见性成佛。南宗禅更是强调顿悟。正是出于对本性直接交流的强调,禅宗中出现了“圆相”等比文字更为直接的方法。因为如此,禅宗偏向于写意简约的水墨画,而不是写实繁琐的工笔画。而禅与茶的交融,也是由于同样的原因。品茶时,并没有多余的语言,人们只是专注于体会茶的味外之味,这与禅的精神是相一致的。饮茶时的感官体味,既与人的感觉有着最直接的接触,同时又能引发感觉之外的领悟。诗僧皎然的《饮茶歌诮崔石使君》中有:“三饮便得道,何须苦心破烦恼。”

静默率真是禅的精神之一。而茶不同于酒的浓烈,具有单纯质朴的性质,并可解昏聩。质朴清幽的性质,或许是荼禅融合的最重要因素。日本的茶道大师千利休提倡茶道中“和、敬、清、寂”四则,正同禅的隐逸、无我、静虑等相印。禅宗的自省,也可在品茶的过程中进行。

摒弃了“我执”、“法执”、“空执”的禅者有着安详的心态。茶性清香,饮茶时,茶者能够获得平和的感受。安详静谧的心态有助于参禅和自省。茶室中渗透着禅宗这样的精神。门廊通向茶室的庭院甬道意味着冥想的第一阶段,即通向自我启示的道路,同时也让进入者感受到平和的风致。

茶与禅共有的素朴、见性、安详、修身的气氛,是二者交融发展的源泉。

小题1:文中的哪些内容可以作为禅宗与茶文化有着极为密切的关联的证据?请简要回答。(6分)

小题2:文中多处引用诗文,请举一个例子,并分析其作用。(6分)

小题3:请简要概括茶与禅在特性上的相通之处。(6分)

单项选择题


With the understanding of phobias has come a magic bag of treatments: exposure therapy that can stomp out a lifetime phobia in a single six-hour session; virtual-reality programs that can safely simulate the thing the phobia most fears, slowly stripping it of its power to terrorize; new medications that can snuff the brain’s phobic spark before it can catch.
In the past year, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first drug—an existing antidepressant.
Most psychologists now assign phobias to one of the three broad categories: social phobias, in which the sufferer feels paralyzing fear at the prospect of social or professional encounters; panic disorders, in which the person is periodically blindsided by overwhelming fear for no apparent reason; and specific phobias—fear of snakes and enclosed spaces and heights and the like.
If you are living with a generalized sense of danger, it can be profoundly therapeutic to find a single object on which to deposit all that unformed fear—a snake, a spider and a rat. A specific phobia becomes a sort of backfire for fear, a controlled blaze that prevents other blazes from catching.
But a condition that is so easy to pick up is becoming almost as easy to shake, usually without resort to drugs. What turns up the wattage of a phobia the most is the strategy the phobias rely on to ease their discomfort: avoidance. The harder phobics work to avoid the things they fear, the more the brain grows convinced that the threat is real.
Progress in treating social-anxiety disorder is also providing hope for the last—and most disabling—of the family of phobias: panic disorder. Panic disorder is to anxiety conditions what a tornado is to weather conditions: a devastating sneaks havoc and then simply vanishes. Unlike the specific phobic and the social phobic who know what will trigger their fear, the victim of panic attacks never know where or when one will hit. Someone who experiences an attack in, say, a supermarket will often not return there, associating the once neutral place with the traumatic event. But the perceived circle of safety can quickly shrink, until sufferers may be confined entirely to their homes. When this begins to happen, panic disorder mutates into full-blown agoraphobia. The treatment for agoraphobia is much the same as it is for social phobia: cognitive-behavioral therapy and drugs.

What can be inferred from the passage

A.Phobias have much to do with depression.

B.Everybody has something to fear about.

C.Avoidance can help patients forget fear.

D.The symptoms of panic disorder’ are easy to find.