Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by (11) or hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we find bridges and switches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept (12) ,examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have (13) network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packer formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message (14) . As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must (15) the e-mail message and change various header fields.

12（）

A.frames

B.packets

C.packages

D.cells

有学者认为，19世纪的英国提倡自由贸易并非是受经济学启发为全世界各国共同发展谋利的行善之举。当时英国实行自由贸易政策主要基于（）

A.促进世界经济共同发展

B.确立国际经济交流准则

C.贯彻自由贸易理论

D.保护本国工业资产阶级利益