问题 问答题

美国通用汽车在美国的14个州中,大约有400个供应商负责把各自的产品送到30个装配工厂进行组装,由于卡车满载率很低,使得库存和配送成本急剧上升。为了降低成本,改进内部物流管理,提高信息处理能力,通用汽车委托Penske专业物流公司为它提供第三方物流服务。调查了解半成品的配送路线之后,Penske公司建议通用汽车公司在Cleveland使用一家有战略意义的配送中心,配送中心负责接受、处理、组配半成品,由Penske派员工管理,同时Penske也提供60辆卡车和72辆拖车,除此之外,还通过EOI系统帮助通用汽车公司调度供应商的运输车辆以便实现JIT送货,为此,Penske设计了一套最优送货路线,增加供应商的送货频率,减少库存水平,改进外部物流活动,运用全球卫星定位技术,使供应商随时了解行驶中的送货车辆的方位。与此同时,Penske通过在配送中心组配半成品后,对装配工厂实施共同配送的方式,既降低卡车空载率,也减少通用汽车公司的运输车辆,只保留了一些对:Penske所提供的车队有必要补充作用的车辆,这样也减少了通用汽车公司的运输单据处理费用。另外,美国通用汽车公司选择目前国际上最大的第三方物流公司Ryder负责其土星和凯迪拉克两个事业部的全部物流业务,选择Allied Holdings负责北美陆上车辆运输任务,选择APL公司、WWL公司负责产品的洲际运输。
请回答结合此案例谈一谈物流服务对于物流企业的重要意义。

答案

参考答案:物流是企业生产和销售的重要环节,是保证企业高效经营的重要方面。对于一个制造型企业来说,物流包括从采购、生产到销售这一供应链环节中所涉及的仓储、运输、搬运、包装等各项物流活动,它是贯穿企业活动始终的。只有物流的顺畅,才能保证企业的正常运行。同时,物流服务还是提高企业竞争力的重要方面,及时准确地为客户提供产品和服务,已成为企业之间除了价格以外的重要竞争因素。
物流服务水平是构建物流系统的前提条件物流服务水平不同,物流的形式将随之而变化,因此,物流服务水平是构建物流系统的前提条件。企业的物流网络如何规划,物流设施如何设置,物流战略怎样制定,都必须建立在一定的物流服务水平之上。不确定一定的物流服务水平而空谈物流,是“无源之水,无本之木”。
物流服务水平是降低物流成本的依据。物流在降低成本方面起着重要的作用,而物流成本的降低必须首先考虑物流服务水平,在保证一定物流服务水平的前提下尽量降低物流成本。从这个意义上说,物流服务水平是降低物流成本的依据。
物流服务起着连接厂家、批发商和消费者的作用,是国民经济不可缺少的部分。

完形填空
单项选择题

In almost all cases the soft parts of fossils are gone for ever but they were fitted around or within the hard parts. Many of them also were attached to the hard parts and usually such attachments are visible as depressed or elevated areas, ridges, or grooves, smooth or rough patches on the hard parts. The muscles most important for the activities of the animal and most evident in the appearance of the living animal are those attached to the hard parts and possible to reconstruct from their attachments. Much can be learned about a vanished brain from the inside of the skull in which it was lodged.
Restoration of the external appearance of an extinct animal has little or no scientific value. It does not even help in inferring what the activities of the living animal were, how fast it could run, what its food was, or such other conclusions as are important for the history of life. However, what most people want to know about extinct animals is what they looked like when they were alive. Scientists also would like to know. Things like fossil shells present no great problem as a rule, because the hard parts are external when the animal is alive and the outer appearance is actually preserved in the fossils.
Animals in which the skeleton is internal present great problems of restoration, and honest restorers admit that they often have to use considerable guessing. The general shape and contours of the body are fixed by the skeleton and by muscles attached to the skeleton, but surface features, which may give the animal its really characteristic look, are seldom restorable with any real probability of accuracy. The present often helps to interpret the past. An extinct animal presumably looked more or less like its living relatives, if it has any. This, however, may be quite equivocal. For example, extinct members of the horse family are usually restored to look somewhat like the most familiar living horses — domestic horses and their closest wild relatives. It is, however, possible and even probable that many extinct horses were striped like zebras. Others probably had patterns no longer present in any living members of the family. If lions and tigers were extinct they would be restored to look exactly alike. No living elephants have much hair and mammoths, which are extinct elephants, would doubtless be restored as hairless if we did not happen to know that they had thick, woolly coats. We know this only because mammoths are so recently extinct that prehistoric men drew pictures of them and that the hide and hair have actually been found in a few specimens. For older extinct animals we have no such clues.

According to the passage, the soft part of fossilized animals______.

A.(A) can always be accurately identified

B.(B) have usually left some traces

C.(C) can usually be reconstructed

D.(D) have always vanished without any trace