问题 问答题

1997年10月29日,某市政府大院礼堂举行首批闲置土地公开招标拍卖出让新闻发布会,座无虚席。主管城建工作的副市长对出席会议的800多家在该市注册的房地产开发公司的负责人郑重宣布:从今以后,本市市长以及有关部门的负责人再也不批地了,以后的房地产开发建设用地全部公开拍卖,谁想要地就去投标,做到公开、公正、公平。今后若出现我们给谁批地,可以向监察、纪检部门告发!
请分析该案例,指出行政管理中的行政手段与经济手段的区别以及应当如何正确地使用这些手段。

答案

参考答案:(1)行政手段是较普遍使用的一种方法,是指政府凭借 * * 力量,依靠从上到下的行政组织制定、颁布、运用政策、指令、计划的方法,来实现国家对行政工作的领导、组织和管理的目的,具有控制、制约、调整、协调社会各地区、各部门行政管理工作的方向,保证行政执行的集中统一,实现国家、社会所期望达到的管理目标的功能。它具有权威性、强制性、垂直性、具体性、非经济利益性和封闭性的特点。
(2)经济手段是行政主体根据客观经济规律,运用价格、信贷、利率、税收、工资、奖惩等经济杠杆和方式,通过调整经济利益关系而实施管理的方法。它具有利益性、间接性、多样性的特点。
(3)与经济手段相比,行政手段具有无偿性的特征,上级可根据管理工作需要,有权无偿调拨使用下级的人、财、物、技术,不考虑价值补偿问题;但行政手段不利于发挥下级的积极性、主动性和创造性。另外,纵向层级信息传递迟缓,易失真,横向沟通困难。
(4)经济手段以物质利益为基础,物价调整、利率升降、税收调控等经济手段能充分有效调动组织和个人的积极性和主动性,促进横向组织间的沟通、联系与合作。但它不能解决人们的精神和社会需求问题,作用领域主要限于经济领域,运用不当,还可能对人们的思想产生消极影响。

阅读理解

Henry Ford grew up on an un-electrified farm, and as a young man he followed Edison's career as the inventor became a national role model.Ford took a job at the Edison Illuminating Company working his way up to chief engineer.

In 1896 Ford was thirty-three and, though still working for Edison Co.,he had created his first experimental automobile the Ford Quadricycle2 during his off-time. At an Edison company party in New York, Ford had his first chance to meet his hero Edison and was able to explain his new automobile to the great inventor. Edison was impressed. Edison is said to have slammed his fist downand shouted ¨Young man, that's the thing! You have it! Your car is self-contained and carries its own power plant." Edison himself had been working on the idea, but had only been considering electricity as the power source, so the idea of a gas engine was a somewhat new one.

The words comforted Ford greatly, who immediately set out building a second car which was to become the Model-T.6.The two men became f'ast friends and would go on camping trips together.When Edison later became limited to a wheelchair, Ford brought an extra one to his house so they could race.At the 50th anniversary of the invention of light-bulb, Ford honored Edison.When Edison spoke, he ended his speech directed at Ford:“ As to Henry Ford, words fail to express my feelings.I can only say that he is my friend." Therefore it is no surprise that Ford wanted something to remember Edison by after he passed away in 1931.

Once, Ford asked Thomas Edison's son Charles to sit by the dying inventor's bedside and hold a test tube next to his father's mouth to catch his final breath. Ford was a man with many strange behaviors( as was Edison)including some interest in reanimation and spiritualism(夏活通灵术)and some say that he was attempting to catch Edison's soul as it escaped his body in hopes of later bringing the inventor back to life.

The test tube itself didn't turn up until 1950 when it was listed in the Ford possessions after Clara Ford's passing away, and then lost again until 1978 when it was discovered in an exhibit Entitled “Henry Ford-A Personal History"  in the Henry Ford Museum.It would then be discovered that the tube was labeled “Edison's Last Breath".

There is a further mystery of this “last breath"  test tube. It would seem as if Edison had quite a last breath indeed, as the Edison Estate holds a collection of 42 test tubes all supposedly containing Edison's last breath.

Regardless of the excitement over the last breath, the test tube is quite touching in its meaning.Although both men were known for all sorts of poor behavior towards .their loved ones and mistreatment of employees, between them at least, there was clearly a deep respect and admiration.

小题1:The passage can be sorted as a        

A.science research

B.short story

C.news report

D.self-introduction小题2:From the underlined sentence in Paragraph2 we can learn that       

A.Edison envied what Ford had achieved

B.Edison was annoyed that Ford did better him

C.Edison was angry because Ford stole his idea

D.Edison was extremely amazed at Ford's new idea小题3:In Paragraph 3,the writer mentions Ford bought an extra wheelchair       

A.to remind Edison was Ford's role model

B.to suggest Ford was a man of strange behavior

C.to tell us the importance of a creative idea then

D.to show the close friendship between Henry Ford and Edison小题4:¨The 61ast breath' test tube" can probably be regarded as       

A.a symbol of a friendship and memory

B.a witness to a scientific breakthrough

C.a failure to bring Edison back to life

D.a sign of the two inventors' poor behavior小题5:It can be learned from the last paragraph that“      ” .

A.Great minds think alike

B.Nobody is perfect

C.Two heads are better than one

D.A friend in need is a friend indeed

选择题