问题 多项选择题

与肾小球滤过相关的因素有

A.滤过膜的面积和通透性

B.肾血浆流量

C.肾小囊内压

D.血浆晶体渗透压

E.血浆胶体渗透压

答案

参考答案:A,B,C,E

解析:滤过膜对物质分子大小和分子电荷都起选择性过滤器的作用;肾小球滤过的动力是肾小球有效滤过压,公式为:肾小球毛细血管压-(血浆胶体渗透压+肾小囊内压)。肾血浆流量主要影响滤过平衡的位置,从而影响肾小球滤过率。所以答案选 ABCE。

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任务型读写(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)

认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词,请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。

It's common for kids of all ages to experience school anxiety - school-related stress.This is often most apparent at the end of summer when school is about to start again, but it can occur year-round.Where does the stress and anxiety come from?

Teachers

A good experience with a caring teacher can cause a lasting impression on a child's life—so can a bad experience.While most teachers do their best to provide students with a positive educational experience, some students are better suited for certain teaching styles and classroom types than others.If there's a mismatch (不协调) between student and teacher, a child can form lasting negative feelings about school or his own abilities.

Friends

Friends can also be a source of stress.Concerns about not having enough friends, not being in the same class as friends, not being able to keep up with friends in one particular area or another, and interpersonal conflicts are a few of the very common ways kids can be stressed by their social lives at school.Dealing with these issues alone can cause anxiety in even the most confident kids.

Bullies (欺凌弱小者)

Things have changed in the world of bullies since I was a kid.The good news is that

teachers and parents are paying more attention.Many schools now have anti-bullying pro-

grams and policies.Though bullying does still happen, help is generally more easily accessible

than before.

The bad news is that bullying has gone high-tech.Many students use the Internet, cell phones and other media devices to bully other students, and this type of bullying often gets very aggressive.One reason is that bullies can be anonymous (匿名的) and enlist other bullies to make their targets miserable.Another reason is that they don't have to face their targets. So it's easier to get rid of any empathy that they may otherwise feel.There are ways to fight against "cyber-bullying", but many parents aren't aware of them - and many bullied kids feel too overwhelmed to deal with the situation.

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