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问题 单项选择题

休克患者血容量基本补足后，尿量仍少于20ml/h，尿比重低，此时应考虑

A．心功能不全
B．低渗性脱水
C．急性肾衰竭
D．抗利尿激素分泌过多
E．代谢性酸中毒

答案

参考答案：C

解析： 急性肾前性肾衰竭是由脱水、血容量减少、心排血量不足引起，如处理不及时，可发展为急性肾小管坏死，常见的病因有大出血、休克等。早期临床表现为少尿或无尿，成人24小时尿量少于400ml为少尿，不足100ml为无尿。此期一般为7～14日，平均5～6日，最长可达1个月以上。尿比重相对低而固定，尿中常有蛋白、红细胞和管型。故答案应选C。

填空题


In the following passage, there are 25 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 25 minutes.
Of all the employed workers in the United States, 12.5 million are part of a temporary workforce. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics counts 9.2 percent of workers as those who have (1) they term "alternative employment arrangements." The government predicts that temporary staffing agencies (2) experience growth of 49 percent by 2010. If numbers increase at the rate (3) , these companies will add 1.9 million new jobs by 2010. That’s more than any (4) industry.
Temporary workers were the first ones to be affected by the recent economic recession, but they are (5) to be the first to regain positions as the economy picks up and companies work to rebuild. Employers use temporary workers as a resource because (6) offer
flexibility and come at a low cost. Many temporaries are categorized as "independent contractors" instead of employees, (7) allows the employer to avoid (8) certain taxes. Because they are not required to offer benefits to temporary workers, companies can save a great deal of money by hiring temps. Usually, temporary workers can qualify (9) benefits if they work for a staffing company for a certain length of time. Most temps, however, do not continue with one company long (10) to qualify for them because they regard the position as a step on the ladder to a (11) position later.
According to Richard Wahlquist, president of the American Staffing Association, 75 (12) of temporary workers hope for transition out of the temporary staffing category (13) a period of time. Wahlquist finds that temporary workers spend about 11 weeks on various assignments before their (14) out of the temporary workforce. Many use temporary positions to gain experience and skills (15) they move on to better jobs. Wahquist says that the temp workforce as a whole turns (16) 400 percent each year.
Tom Dilworth, research director at the Employment Policies Institute, explains (17) some workers like having temporary jobs (18) it affords them a great deal of elasticity with time and everything. Some temps only have a limited (19) of time to work and temp agencies can help coordinate jobs to fit their schedules. Other sometimes-employees use temporary jobs to get an (20) to a company from the inside, to get a foot in the door of a certain business or career. (21) others take temporary positions in hopes their employers will change them over to permanent positions eventually.
Nearly all the industries in the United States use temporary workers. (22) to Tim Costello, coordinator of the North American Alliance for Fair Employment, the growth of temporary labor threatens (23) job security of permanent workers who fear replacement,as well as the temps who are more accustomed to turnover. He predicts that there will continueto (24) a gradual shift from permanent employees to contingent staffing, and that such a (25) in workplace demographics will "lead to lower wages, poorer working conditions, and more instability."

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多项选择题

关于麻疹的临床特点正确的是（）

A.典型麻疹临床经过分为前驱期、出疹期、恢复期3期

B.Koplikis斑有早期诊断价值

C.发热第3～4天开始出现皮疹

D.皮疹先见于耳后、发际、渐及额面，自上而下，最后达到足底

E.出疹3～5天后发热开始减退
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