问题 问答题

背景:
某住宅小区工程,个体户张某受现场工长私下雇用,组织人员进行QTZ315型塔吊安装。张某从市场租来一台汽车吊并找来8名民工,口头向大家分配了任务。在安装完塔身、塔顶、平衡臂后,着手安装起重臂。起重臂作为细长构件,吊装时对吊点位置、吊索的拴系方式、重心所处位置均有严格的技术要求。按规定本应设置3个吊点、6根吊索,而张某等人仅设了2个吊点、4根吊索,并且在吊索未拴牢的情况下,将起重臂吊起。起重臂根铰点销轴安装完毕后, 6名工人爬上起重臂,安装拉杆。这时一处吊点的钢丝绳将起重臂2根侧向斜腹杆拉断,起重臂弹起后又瞬间落下,起吊钢丝绳崩断,起重臂砸向地面,起重臂上的5名工人4人死亡、1人重伤。
问题:1. (1)请简要分析这起事故发生的主要原因。
(2)请分析这起事故的性质。谁应对这起事故负直接责任、主要责任和管理责任。
(3)请简述起重吊装作业专项施工方案应包括哪些主要内容。
(4)请简述起重吊装作业预防高处坠落事故的安全技术措施。

答案

参考答案:(1)这起事故发生的主要原因有:
①现场工长私自非法雇用个体户进行塔吊安装作业;
②个体户张某非法承接塔吊安装任务,私招乱雇民工,违章指挥作业;
③安装人员不熟悉塔吊安装程序和起重吊装作业技术要点,冒险蛮干;
④作业人员无证上岗,安全意识不强,自我保护意识差;
⑤现场安全管理失控,对违章指挥、违章作业无人过问。
(2)这是一起因非法安装、违章指挥、违章作业、冒险蛮干所造成的重大责任事故。个体户张某应负直接责任,现场工长应负主要责任,现场项目经理应负管理责任。
(3)专项施工方案的主要内容应包括:工程概况、现场环境、施工艺术、起重机械的选型依据、起重机的设计计算、地锚设计、钢丝绳及索具的设计选用、地耐力及道路的要求、构件堆放就位图以及吊装过程中的各种防护措施等。
(4)①吊装作业人员必须正确使用安全带;
②雨天和雪天进行吊装作业时,必须要采取可靠的防滑、防寒和防冻措施;
③当遇有六级及六级以上强风、浓雾等恶劣气候时,不得从事露天高处吊装作业,暴风雪及台风、暴雨后,应对吊装作业安全设施逐一加以检查;
④吊装作业登高用的梯子必须牢固,梯脚底部应坚实、防滑、梯子的上端应有固定措施;
⑤所使用的固定式直爬梯应用金属材料制成,埋设与焊接必须牢固,梯子顶端的踏棍应与攀登的顶面齐平,并加设1.2~1.5 m高的扶手;
⑥吊装作业人员在脚手板上通行时,思想应集中,在高处使用撬杠时,人要站稳;
⑦当安装有预留孔洞的楼板或屋面板时,应及时用木板盖严,或及时设置安全防护拦杆、安全网等防坠落措施;
⑧在从事屋架和梁类构件安装时,必须搭设牢固可靠的操作台,需要在梁上行走时,应设置安全防护栏或绳索。

解析:[考点] 1A423000建筑工程职业健康安全和环境管理
该案例主要考核的是建筑工程中吊装工程、高处作业安全隐患的防范措施。
(1)吊装工程安全隐患的防范:
①起重机的行驶道路必须平坦坚实,地下基坑和松软土层要进行处理;
②应尽量避免起重机超载;
③当所要起吊的重物不在起重机起重臂顶的正下方时,禁止起吊;
④绑扎物件的吊索需经过计算,绑扎方法应正确牢靠;
⑤禁止在六级风的情况下进行吊装作业;
⑥起重吊装指挥人员须持证上岗,驾驶员在作业时应严格按规定操作;
⑦严禁起吊重物长时间在空中悬挂;
⑧起重机的吊钩和吊环严禁补焊。
(2)高处作业安全隐患的防范:
①在高空作业时,应正确使用安全带;
②在雪天、雨天进行高处作业时,必须采取可靠的防滑、防寒、防冻措施;
③登高用梯子必须牢固,如需接长使用时,必须有可靠的连接措施;
④从事屋架和梁类构件安装时,必须搭设牢固可靠的操作台;
⑤高处作业使用的工具、零件等不可随意向下丢掷;
⑥在高处焊接时,应采取措施,防止火花落下伤人;
⑦地面操作人员,应尽量避免在高空作业正下方停留、通过;
⑧设置吊装禁区,禁止与吊装作业无关的人员入内。

单项选择题
阅读理解

C

Once when I was nine, I came down with a horrible case of tonsillitis (扁桃腺炎). I remember going to the doctor, feeling miserable and scared, but also knowing that this man would somehow fix me. As he declared his conclusion regarding my illness, he asked my mother “Is your daughter allergic (过敏的) to any medicine? ” My mom hesitated for a moment, while I was looking at her questioningly. Was I allergic to anything? What if I was? What would happen to me?  My mother said no.

That evening after taking my pill, I began to shake uncontrollably. I complained of a terrible headache and continued shaking as my mother held me. She didn’t seem very concerned, yet I believed I was allergic to the pill. Before I fell asleep that night, I told my mom the medicine had made me sick and I wouldn’t take it anymore. The next morning, my mother had me drink a tall glass of iced tea that tasted funny. Later that afternoon, my mom asked me how I felt. I told her I was doing much better, and that was when she dropped the bomb on me. She told me she had mixed my ice tea that morning with my medicine. Guess what, no allergic reaction. I was never allergic to the pills, but my powerful subconscious (潜意识的) mind, accepted a mere suggestion by the doctor that I might be, and my body acted accordingly.

Most of us have no idea how powerful our minds are, and how incoming information continually affects our experience. When I took that pill, it had a negative effect on my mind. Researchers are finding more and more evidence that what we believe, or expect to happen medically, has a deep effect on what actually does happen. 

In some medical trials, the patients never took any medicine, only sugar pills, but were told they had been given expensive medicine, and their conditions improved anyway. They simply believed they would get better. On the other side of the coin, people who believe they are going to die in an operation have a higher death rate than people who don’t.

What we expect often tends to get realized. The power of your mind to heal your body is absolutely fantastic.  Take care in what information you choose to believe about your health and well-being. Think positively about your outcome in medical situations and allow your power of belief to help you heal.

49. The girl shook uncontrollably that evening because she _______.

A. had a horrible case of tonsillitis at the time

B. was allergic to the medicine she had taken

C. imagined the medicine was doing its harm

D. wanted to cheat her mother for more concern

50. The underlined “ she dropped the bomb on me ” can be understood as “ _______ ”.

A. she told me the truth that awakened me

B. she beat me like a plane dropping a bomb

C. she scolded me with heart-breaking words

D. she hurt my pride by telling me the truth

51. We can infer from the passage that _______.

A. most people believe our minds can function powerfully

B. it’s harmful to our health to take in negative information

C. the powerful subconscious mind can cure all diseases

D. sugar pills with proper mind are as good as costly medicine

52. The passage is mainly about _______.

A. a nine-year-old girl’s experience    B. people being allergic to medicine

C. a fantastic way to treat diseases     D. the effect of the mind on the result