问题 问答题

要在一个实验中测定记忆次数对无意义单词的识记效果,自变量是每个项目被记忆的次数(1次、5次或10次),另外还想比较记忆方法的差异(拼读和抄写)。请分别采用设计进行实验,并说明可能出现的问题,并选用适当的统计方法说明。

答案

参考答案:(1)研究的题目:记忆次数及其方式对无意义单词识记的影响
(2)研究假设:
记忆次数对无意义单词的识记有显著的主效应;
记忆方式对无意义单词的识记有显著的主效应;
记忆次数与方式之间有显著的交互作用。
(3)实验设计
根据实验要求,可以采用混合设计:3(记忆1次、5次与10次)X2(拼读与抄写),其中记忆次数为组内变量,记忆方式为组间变量。
①自变量
a.记忆次数:分别为记忆1次、5次与10次。
b。记忆方式:拼读和抄写,拼读要求被试大声地读出来,抄写要求被试不能发声,而是快速地把屏幕上的无意义单词抄下来(每个单词后面都跟着一个数字,作为抄写的遍数,抄写纸上有格子,每个单词抄在独立的一张纸片上,防止回视)。
因变量:诵读或抄写完成之后,进行再认测验,其再认成绩,作为因变量。具体做法是:每次在屏幕上出现4个无意义单词,请被试判断那个刚才所学过的单词,其中只有一个是学过的,其他的都是相似但不相同的无意义单词,统计被试正确选择的个数。
②额外变量及其控制
除去基本的环境条件、被试随机性、主试实验程序等控制外,还需控制无意义单词的长度、呈现顺序(详见实验程序)等可能影响结果的因素。
③被试的取样与实验安排(可以列表的形式)
被试为在校大学生60名,要求:男女各半,年龄18~23岁,普通话语言背景,视力或矫正视力1.0以上,右利手,以前没有参加过此类实验。
被试分配;随机分配被试进行拼读或抄写,各30名。
④实验材料
编制无意义单词30个,就是“假词”。
例如“shatery”、“mitypor”。每个“单词”字母为7个。均为辅音开头,包含的音节数为2~3个。
其中分别随机各有10个被试拼读或抄写次数为1次、5次或10次。
(4)实验程序
先请被试填写被试单,看是否符合实验条件,同时记录被试信息。
坐在计算机前,给被试讲明实验程序(注意不要告知被试实验目的),并请被试进行联系实验操作,屏幕上呈现一个单词,单词旁边出现一个数字(为1、5或10),请被试根据数字标定的次数进行读或者写(告诉被试规范的操作方式),完成后按键(以每拼读或抄写一次需要5s计算,最长不能比总长度长10s,过了这个时间就自动转入下一个),出现第二个单词。
正式实验分为两个阶段:
阶段一:学习阶段(大约20min),每个被试分别拼读或抄写。
每次呈现一个单词,单词旁边呈现一个数字,被试根据数字标定的次数进行读或者写,完成后按键,出现第二个单词(以每拼读或抄写一次需要5 s计算,最长不能比总长度长10s,过了这个时间就自动转入下一个)。
30个单词中分别随机各有10个被试拼读或抄写次数为1次、5次或10次。
30个实验,中途被试完成一半之后,可休息2min,直到结束。
阶段二:测验阶段
学习完毕之后,要求被试参加一项15min的算术测验,主要是一些简单的口算问题。
进入测验,被试坐在计算机前。每次在屏幕上出现4个无意义单词,请被试判断那个刚才所学过的单词,其中只有一个是学过的,其他的都是相似但不相同的无意义单词,统计被试正确选择的个数,时间为10min。
(5)数据的统计与分析
根据所得的两个组的数据分别计算各自记忆的正确判断数,进行2×3混合设计的方差分析。
主要公式为
[*]
SSAB=SSb-SSA-SSB
SSe=SSt-SSb-SSr(此处被试问为SSr1+SSr2)
方差分析表为

来源
阅读理解

Special Bridges Help Animals Cross the Road

----- Reported by Sheila Carrick

Why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side. Most people know this joke. But recently, some people have been much more concerned with how the grizzly bear and mountain lion can cross the road. Millions of animals die each year on U.S. roads, the Federal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. The main reason? Road kill. "Ecopassages" may help animals cross the road without being hit by cars. They are paths both over and under roads. "These ecopassages can be extremely useful, so that wildlife can avoid human conflicts, " said Jodi Hilty of the Wildlife Conservation Society. But do animals actually use the ecopassages?The answer is yes. Paul Beier of Northern Arizona University found foot marks left by mountain lions on an ecopassage that went under a highway. This showed that the lion used the passage. Builders of some ecopassages try to make them look like a natural part of an area by planting trees on and around them. Animals seem to be catching on. Animals as different as salamanders and grizzly bears are using the bridges and underpasses. The next time you visit a park or drive through an area with a lot of wildlife, look around. You might see an animal overpass!

小题1:The writer uses the example of “ocelots” to show that_________.

A.wild animals have become more dangerous

B.the driving conditions have improved greatly

C.the measure for protecting wildlife fails to work

D.an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents小题2:When the writer says that animals seem “to be catching on”, he means_________.

A.animals begin to realize the dangers on the road

B.animals begin to learn to use ecopassages

C.animals are crossing the road in groups

D.animals are increasing in number小题3:The writer asks visitors and drivers to look around when traveling because_________.

A.wild animals may attack cars

B.wild animals may jam the road

C.they may see wild animals in the park

D.they may see wild animals on ecopassages