问题 问答题

副神经的解剖、生理功能及其损害表现是什么

答案

参考答案:为运动神经,由延髓支和脊髓支两部分组成,分别包括特殊内脏运动纤维和躯体运动纤维。延髓支起自延髓疑核,颅内部分在颈静脉孔处与脊髓部分相分离,加入迷走神经,构成喉返神经,支配声带运动;脊髓支起自颈髓第1~5节段前角腹外侧细胞柱,其纤维经枕骨大孔入颅,与延髓支汇合,再经颈静脉孔出颅,支配胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌。胸锁乳突肌的功能是使头转向对侧,斜方肌支配耸肩动作。双侧胸锁乳突肌同时收缩时颈部前屈,双侧斜方肌同时收缩时头向后仰。损害的具体表现如下。
(1)一侧副神经核或其神经损害:同侧胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌萎缩,患者向病变对侧转颈不能,患侧肩下垂并耸肩无力。颅后窝病变时,副神经常与迷走神经和舌咽神经同时受损(颈静脉孔综合征)。出颈静脉孔后副神经主干和分支可因淋巴结炎、颈部穿刺以及外科手术等受损。由于副神经受两侧皮质脑干束支配,故一侧皮质脑干束损害,不出现副神经受损症状。
(2)双侧副神经核或其神经损害:表现为双侧胸锁乳突肌均力弱。患者头前屈无力,直立困难,多呈后仰位,仰卧位时不能抬头。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     When we talk about intelligence (智力), we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds

of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving (表现),

especially in a new situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of

how much he knows what to do.

     For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation,not about himself or

what might happen to him. He tries to find out all be can,and then he acts immediately and tries to do

something about it. He probably isn't sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And if he cannot make

things work out right, he doesn't feel ashamed (羞愧) that he failed, he just tries to learn from his mistakes.

An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook (看法) on life, a special feeling about life,

and how he fits into it.

     If you look at children, you'll see great difference between what we call "bright" children and "non-bright"

children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of

intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out about life-he tries to get in touch with

everything around him. But the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world:he seems

to have a wall between him and life in general.

1. According to this passage, intelligence is the ability to ________.

A. get some high scores on some tests

B. do well in school

C. deal with life

D. have a lot of book knowledge

2. In a new situation, an intelligent person ________.

A. knows more about what might happen to him

B. is sure of the result he will get

C. cares more about himself

D. keeps his mind on what to do about the situation

3. If an intelligent person failed, he would ________.

A. try not to feel ashamed

B. learn from his mistakes

C. try to find all he could

D. make sure what result he would get

4. Bright children and non-bright children ________.

A. are two different types of children

B. are different mainly in their degree of cleverness

C. have difference only in their way of thinking

D. have different knowledge about the world

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