问题 单项选择题

直肠癌转移至膀胱是通过

A.血行转移
B.淋巴转移
C.种植转移
D.直接蔓延

答案

参考答案:D

解析: 胃癌组织向胃壁各层浸润,当穿透浆膜后,癌组织可接连不断的向周围组织和邻近器官广泛蔓延生长,例如向肝脏、大网膜等部位浸润蔓延。属于直接蔓延。直肠癌直接蔓延:当癌组织浸润肌层达浆膜层后,可直接蔓延至邻近器官,如前列腺、膀胱及腹膜等处。胃癌可种植在卵巢形成Krukenberg瘤。特点为双侧卵巢受累长大,镜下见富于黏液的印戒细胞癌弥漫浸润和间质反应性增生。此瘤的原发癌除多为胃癌外,也可来自消化道外的黏液癌。

单项选择题

Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.

(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.

17()

A.Clearly

B.Skeptically

C.Nonetheless

D.However

单项选择题