问题 问答题

试述东晋南朝的侨郡和土断。

答案

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解析:侨置郡县是东晋南朝为南渡的流寓百姓设立的地方行政区划,仍用北方故地郡县名称,即为“侨置郡县”。侨置郡县产生的原因可以归结为以下几点: 第一,北方长年战乱破坏了社会秩序,产生了大量流民。西晋惠帝时,爆发八王之乱,历经16年;以匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌为代表的少数民族内迁,也给北方带来了战乱。连续不断的攻战,使北方人民流离失所,不得不大量南迁。 第二,南渡的北方士族和大官僚是促成侨置郡县产生的重要因素。南渡的流民,多数依附于一个较有威望的大姓士族或官僚,南渡的士族不愿丢掉自己的门第郡望,庶民也不愿意承担当地的赋役。东晋不得不设置侨置郡县安顿流民,以南徙大族担任刺史、太守、县令。 第三,侨置郡县也是东晋政府安抚流民、稳定局势、发展经济的必要举措。侨置郡县照顾了南渡士族的情绪和利益,将流民纳入到政府的统治秩序中去,在当时是比较稳妥的举措。侨置郡县稳定了东晋南朝的政局,大量流民也带来了大量的人力和先进的生产技术,促进了南方的开发,加速了经济重心的南移。 但侨置郡县作为临时措施,使地方行政混乱,给户籍管理带来很大困难,也影响了赋税收入,因此,东晋南朝实行过多次土断。土断,就是以居住地作为断定户籍的依据,取消侨人原来的临时户籍——白籍,由居住地编制统一的户籍——黄籍,将侨人户口编入当地郡县,并与当地农户一样纳税服役。其中,以东晋桓温主持的“庚戌土断”和刘裕主持的“义熙土断”成效最大。土断使南渡的北方人口逐步融入当地社会,也增加了东晋的政府收入,一定程度上缓和了土客矛盾。

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