问题 问答题

简述魏晋玄学产生的时代背景。

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解析:玄学是魏晋时期以老庄思想为骨架,糅合儒家经义后而产生的一种哲学思潮。其讨论的中心问题是本未有无、自然与名教等哲理问题,也就是本体论的问题。玄学的出现,一方面有思想学术发展规律的内在作用,一方面也与当时的政治环境有关系。 (1)魏晋玄学是对东汉末年章句训诂之学的反动。汉代经学重视章句训诂,特别是经学与仕途相结合后,从学受经的士人甚多,章句训诂随之发展到了繁芜、破碎的地步。东汉末年,经学大师马融、郑玄等人冲破了“师法”、“家法”,思想活跃起来。这为玄学的产生准备了条件。 (2)道家之学由潜隐走向公开。先秦以后,黄老之学虽道秦始皇的“焚书坑儒”和汉武帝的“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”等劫难,但始终没有断绝。东汉末年,统治集团分裂,社会危机日益加深,今文经学和谶纬神学内容空虚,丝毫无助于社会政治问题的解决。带有“自然”、“无为”色彩的老庄思想开始抬头。长期的战乱和残酷的政治斗争及门阀士族腐朽而无聊的生活,使得统治阶级中不少人思想消沉,试图在玄虚淡泊之中求得精神寄托,于是玄学应运而生。玄学的产生,就是黄老之学这股思潮潜流在魏晋时期的复兴,且与桓谭、王充、仲长统等人的思想有继承关系。 (3)传统经学赖以生存发展的社会环境消失。魏晋时期,皇权式微,政治由一统走向割据。东汉王朝的衰落,使得在政治上一向获得巨大支持的经学一时之间失去了依赖。此外,经学作为汉代的“利禄之学”,是与汉代的察举制度相互依存的。至曹操主政,“唯才是举”,经学之士,风光不再,也是造成经学退潮的重要原因。政治一统的破坏,打破了经学的学术垄断,在一种比较自由宽松的学术氛围中,玄学产生了。 (4)政治上的巨大变动,使士人回避政治、崇尚玄言成为一种风气。玄学承袭东汉清议的风气,就一些实际问题和哲理反复辩论,亦与当时士大夫的出处进退关系甚为密切。曹氏篡汉及所后的司马氏篡魏,使得当时士人的生存环境险恶,不敢直面当时的政治危局,转而探讨一些名实、才性、有无的抽象问题,以保全身家。

完形填空

One day, when I was working as a psychologist in England, an adolescent boy showed up in my office. It was David. He kept   小题1:  (walk) up and down restlessly, his face pale, and his hands shaking slightly. His head teacher had referred him to me. “This boy has lost his family,” he wrote. “He is understandably very sad and refuses to talk to others,   小题2:  I’m very worried about him. Can you help?”

I looked at David and showed him to a chair. How could I help him? There are problems psychology doesn’t have the answer   小题3: , and which no words can describe. Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically

The first two times we met, David didn’t say a word. He sat there, only   小题4:  (look) up to look at the children’s drawings on the wall behind me. I suggested we play a game of chess. He nodded. After that he played chess with me every Wednesday afternoon—in complete silence and without looking at me. It’s not easy to cheat in chess, but I admit I made sure David won once or twice.

Usually, he arrived   小题5:  than agreed, took the chess board and pieces from the shelf and began setting them up before I even got a chance to sit down. It seemed as if he enjoyed my company. But why did he never look at me?

“Perhaps he simply needs someone   小题6:  (share) his pain with,” I thought. “Perhaps he senses that I respect his suffering.” Some months later, when we were playing chess, he looked up at me suddenly.

 小题7: ’s your turn,” he said.

After that day, David started talking. He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club. He wrote to me a few times about his biking with some friends, and about his plan to get into university. Now he had really started to live his own life.

Maybe I gave David something. But I also learned that one—without any words—can reach out to

 小题8:  person. All it takes is a hug, a shoulder to cry on, a friendly touch, and an ear that listens

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