问题 问答题

粘性工资(sticky wage)

答案

参考答案:粘性工资(sticky wage):指不能迅速地反映劳动力市场供求的变动,只能缓慢地根据劳动力市场状况改变而调整的工资。工人的名义工资通常不能随着经济条件的变化而迅速调整,在短期内表现为“迟钝的”或“粘性的”。粘性工资模型即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。该模型假设劳动力的需求数量决定就业,以及工人和企业根据目标实际工资和对价格水平的预期来确定名义工资水平。当名义工资是粘性的时候,价格水平提高会降低实际工资,促使企业多雇佣劳动力,从而生产出更多的产品,总供给增加,所以短期总供给曲线是向上倾斜的。新凯恩斯学派提出工资粘性的理由:①合同的长期性。②合同分批到期的性质。③效率工资论。④长期劳动合同论。新凯恩斯主义学派粘性工资论认为,无论是通过合同制还是理性预期机制来稳定工资水平,都会导致通货膨胀和失业并存。因此有必要对工资制度进行改革,努力降低劳动力成本,刺激企业生产和用人的积极性。这就要求建立完整而有效的劳动力市场,工资完全由劳动力市场的供求和劳动者提供劳动的质和量来决定,工资是调节劳动力资源配置和流动的惟一手段。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     In the Caucasus region of Russia, nearly 50 out of every 100,000 people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and many don't stop at 100! By comparison, in America only 3 people in 100,000 reach 100. But these Russian old people aren't alone. The Pakistanis, who live high in the Himalaya Mountains, and the Ecuadorans of the Andes Mountains seem to share the secret of long life, too.

     These people remain healthy in body and spirit despite the passage of time. While many older persons in industrial societies become weak and ill in their 60s and 70s, some Caucasians aged 100 to 140, work in the fields beside their great-great-grandchildren. Even the idea of aging is foreign to them. When asked "at what age does youth end?" Most of these old people had no answer. Several replied, "Well, perhaps at age 80."

     What accounts for this ability to survive to such old age, and to survive so well?First of all, hard physical work is a way of life for all of these long-lived people. They begin their long days of physical labor as children and never seem to stop. For example, Mr. Rustam Mamedov is 142 years of age. His wife is 116 years old. They have been married for 90 years. Mr. Mamedov has no intention of retiring from his life as a farmer. "Why?What else would I do?"he asks.

     All these people get healthful rewards from the environment in which they work. They all come from mountainous regions. They live and work at elevations of 1,660 to 1,000 meters above sea level. The air has less oxygen and is pollution-free. This reduced-oxygen environment makes the heart and blood vessel(血管) system stronger.

     Another factor that may contribute to the good health of these people is their isolation. To a great extent, they are separated from the pressures and worries of industrial society.

     Inherited factors also play some role. Most of the longest-lived people had parents and grandparents who also reached very old ages. Good family genes may, therefore, be one factor in living longer.

1. In the Causasus region of Russian, how many people can reach the age of 100 in 10,000?

A. 5

B. 3

C. 50

D. 30

2. The example of Mr. And Mrs. Mamedov implies that some Caucasians aged 100 to 140 ___.

A. become weak and hopeless            

B. are too old to work in the fields

C. are still working in the fields          

D. benefit from physical work

3. What is the main way of life for all of these long-lived people?

A. Retiring from their lives as farmers.  

B. Having been married for 90 years.

C. Hard physical work.

D. Having no intentions.

4. At elevations of 1,220 to 1,000 meters above sea level, the air   __  .

A. has less oxygen and clear

B. is seriously polluted

C. is rich in oxygen and pollution-free

D. is extremely smelly

5. Which of the following factors isn't helpful to people's health and long life?

A. Clean mountain air.                  

B. Stress and pressure.

C. Daily hard work.                  

D. Good genes.