问题 问答题

甲公司为增值税一般纳税人,适用的增值税税率是17%,所得税税率是25%,年末一次确认全年所得税费用。商品、材料销售均不含增值税,商品、材料销售成本随销售收入的确认逐笔结转,本年利润采用表结法核算。有关资料如下:
  资料1:2008年甲公司营业收入为1500万元,营业利润率为12.3%,净资产收益率为5.6%.
  资料2:2009年1月至11月甲公司损益类科目累计发生额如下表所示:

   单位:万元
科目名称 借方发生额 贷方发生额 科目名称 借方发生额 贷方发生额
主营业务收入 1650 销售费用 42
主营业务成本 1320 管理费用 38
其他业务收入 160 财务费用 19
其他业务成本 85 营业外收入 90
营业税金附加 26 营业外支出 78
  资料3:2009年12月份甲公司发生如下交易或事项:
  (1) 12月5日,向乙公司销售商品一批,开出的增值税专用发票上注明的价款为60万元,增值税税额为10.2万元,销售商品实际成本为45万元。提货单和增值税专用发票已交购货方,并收到购货方开出的商业承兑汇票。
  (2) 12月10日,向丙公司销售A材料一批。该批处理的销售价格为5万元,增值税税额为0.85万元,销售材料实际成本为4万元。A材料已发出,销售款项存入银行。
  (3) 12月18日,结转固定资产净收益8万元。
  (4) 12月31日,计提公司管理部门固定资产折旧5万元,摊销公司管理部门用无形资产成本8万元。
  (5) 12月31日,确认本月交的城市维护建设税2万元。教费附加1万元。
  (6) 12月31日,确认本年所得税费用75万元。
  资料4:2009年甲公司平均净资产为3000万元。
  假定除上述资料外,不考率其他相关因素。
  要求:

比较甲公司2008年度、2009年度营业利润率、净资产收益率变化,简要评价企业的获利能力。
  (答案中的金额单位用万表示)

答案

参考答案:2008年度的营业利润率为12.3%,2009年的营业利润率为14.93%。相比之下2009年比2008年的营业利润率增加了2.63%,企业的营业能力有所增加。2008年度净资产收益率为6%,2009年度净资产收益率为7.5%,相比之下2009年度比2008年度增加了1.9%,企业的获利能力有所增加。综上所述,2009年度企业的获利能力较2008年有所增加。

问答题

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.

(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in ’language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from ~nitive constraints

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts p co-dependencies between narticular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals

(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.

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