问题 问答题

试述永磁直流伺服电动机的组成、特点及性能。

答案

参考答案:

解析:永磁直流伺服电动机由电动机本体和检测部件组成。电动机本体主要由机壳、定子磁极和转子三部分组成。定子磁极为永磁体,磁极的形状可以是矩形或成瓦状,目前多用瓦状结构。转子分为普通型和小惯量型两类。普通型转子与一般直流电动机的转子相似,也是有槽转子,只是转子铁芯上的槽数较多,且采用斜槽,在一个槽内又分布有几个虚槽。与一般直流电动机相比,转子铁芯长度对直径的比大些,气隙小些。小惯量型转子又分为无槽转子、空心杯形转子和印刷绕组转子。无槽转子的铁芯是由无槽矽钢片叠成的光滑圆柱体.在圆柱体的表面用漆包线编织成包子形的绕组,气隙较大。空心杯形转子没有铁芯,由漆包线编织成杯形,再用环氧树脂将其固化成一个整体构成。印刷绕组转子是由在圆形绝缘薄板上印制裸露的绕组构成。 反馈用的检测部件有高精度的测速发电机、旋转变压器以及脉冲编码器等。检测部件同轴安装在电动机的尾部(非轴伸出端)。 小惯量型转子直流伺服电动机的转子惯量小,适用于快速响应的伺服系统,但过载能力低。用于数控机床等进给伺服系统中,由于转子惯量与机械传动系统匹配较差,电动机轴与机械传动系统不能直接相连,必须采取一些措施。 普通型转子永磁直流伺服电动机与小惯量型转子直流伺服电动机相比,具有以下一些特点: (1)低速时输出的转矩大,惯量比较大,能与机械传动系统直接相连,省去齿轮等传动机构,从而有利于减小机械振动和噪声,以及齿隙误差。 (2)转子的热容量大,电动机的过载性能好,一般能加倍过载几十分钟。 (3)调速范围宽,当与高性能速度控制单元组成速度控制系统时,调速范围可达 1:1 000以上。 (4)转子惯量比较大,为了满足快速响应的要求,需加大电动机的加速转矩,为此需要加大电源容量。 (5)转子温升高(电动机允许温升可达150℃~180℃),可通过转轴传到机械上去,这会影响精密机械的精度。 永磁直流伺服电动机的性能需要用特性曲线和数据表加以全面描述。根据永磁直流伺服电动机的工作曲线,伺服电动机的工作区域被温度极限线、转速极限线、换向极限线、转矩极限线以及瞬时换向极限线划分成三个区域:Ⅰ区为连续工作区,在该区域内转矩与转速的任意组合都可以长时间连续工作。Ⅱ区为断续工作区,在该区域内电动机只能按允许的工作时间和断电时间间歇工作。Ⅲ区为加速区和减速区,在该区域内电动机只能进行加速和减速,工作极短的时间。永磁直流伺服电动机具有优良的调速性能,但也存在着固有的缺点,如它的电刷和换向器容易磨损,需要经常维护;由于换向器换向时会产生火花而使最高转速受到限制,也使应用环境受到限制;结构复杂,制造困难,成本高等。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     This year, about 2,300 teenagers from all over the world will spend about 10 months in US

homes. At the same time about 1,300 American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new

languages and learn the rest of the world.

     Here is a 2-way student exchange in action. Fred,19, spent last year in Germany with George's

family. In turn, George's son Mike spent a year in Fred's home in America.

     Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived. But after 2 months of studying,

the language became easy for him. School was completely different from what he had expected

and it was much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took

14 subjects instead of 6 that were usually taken in the US.

     Family life, too, was different. The father's word was the law. All the activities were done with

the family rather than individually. Fred found the food to be too simple at first. He also missed

having a car.

     "Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out to have a good time.In Germany,

you walk but you soon learn to like it ."

     At the same time, in America, Mike,a friendly German boy, was also forming his own ideas.

"I suppose I should criticize American schools" he says, "It is far too easy for our level but I have

to say that I like it a lot. In Germany, we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many other

activities. I think that maybe American schools are better in training their citizens. There ought to

be some middle ground between the two."

     1 between American school life and German school life

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