问题 不定项选择 案例分析题

案例二: 一般资料:求助者,女性,30岁,公务员。 案例介绍:求助者由于女儿的问题前来咨询。 下面是心理咨询师与求助者之间的一段咨询对话。 心理咨询师:您好!请问我能为您提供什么帮助吗? 求助者:我的女儿现在5岁了,特别地不听话,真是让我有操不完的心,您帮帮我吧。 心理咨询师:您能说说您的女儿都有哪些不听话的表现吗? 求助者:我女儿四岁前一直住在我父母家,四岁后我们把她接回到身边,开始还很乖。不知道从什么时候开始,她每天晚上在家里大吵大嚷,而且还满地打滚,我和她爸爸怎么批评都没用,有时候气急了,打她几巴掌,也没什么效果,更可气的是,越是批评她,她闹得越起劲,他这么小就这么不听话,将来可怎么办啊!我现在一想起这孩子的问题就特别烦,您说我该怎么办啊! 心理咨询师:您女儿经常在家吵闹,而且不管您和您丈夫怎样批评教育,都没有效果,这让您很焦虑,我非常能理解您作母亲的这种心情,也替您感到着急。您说您的女儿每天都要在家里吵闹,她是真的每一天都吵闹,还是偶尔也有比较安静,不吵闹的时候呢? 求助者:偶尔也有比较安静的时候,不过这种情况太少了。 心理咨询师:那您女儿比较安静的时候,您和您的丈夫会做何反应呢 求助者:我和我爱人都很忙,每天下班回家都精疲力竭了,还要和女儿作斗争,好不容易她哪天没闹,我们赶紧抓紧时间把没做完的工作做完,或者看电视,上上网。 心理咨询师:那也就是说,女儿不闹了,你们就会抓紧时间做自己的事情,不太关注她,是吗? 求助者:是的。 心理咨询师:从心理学的角度讲,您女儿的吵闹行文与家长的反应是有关系的。 求助者:和我们有关系? 心理咨询师:是的,每个孩子都希望获得家长的关注,您和您丈夫都很忙,甚至下班回家也没有时间陪孩子。您女儿吵闹,您和您丈夫就会批评她,但这种批评对孩子来说,在某种程度上也是一种关注,实际上,孩子通过她的行为获得了某种好处,也就是得到了强化。 求助者:这样看来,孩子的吵闹确实与我们有关系,那我们应该怎么办呢? 心理咨询师:当孩子再大吵大嚷,满地打滚的时候,您和您丈夫不要去批评她,而是迅速离开,如果她一旦安静下来,你们马上要给予鼓励和奖励。

阳性强化法中的“阳性强化”的含义包括()。

A.正强化

B.负强化

C.给予正性强化物

D.撤销惩罚物

答案

参考答案:A, C

单项选择题

Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he’d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so

Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual’s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are ply genetically influenced.

The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of adult twins (aged between 15 and 70 ) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the adult fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register.

The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior.

Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized.

Results such as Dr. Vink’ s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain’s problem may eventually become a thing of the past.

Mark Twain is mentioned in the passage in order to show that()

A. he is a man with very p will power

B. it is easy to give up smoking temporarily

C.famous writers are often heavy smokers

D. only few people have his determination

选择题