问题 问答题

阅读材料,回答相关问题。材料一:公元1500年前后,当西方进行海外扩张时,这种传统的地区自治便开始让位于全球统一。由于欧洲人在这一全球历史运动中处于领先地位,所以正是他们支配了这个刚刚联成一体的世界。到19世纪,他们以其强大的帝国和股份公司在政治上和经济上控制了全球……这种西方的霸权在19世纪时不仅欧洲人而且非欧洲人都认为是理所当然。在人们看来,西方的优势地位几乎是天经地义,是由上帝安排的。 ——《全球通史》材料二:中国在鸦片战争以前,完全是一个封建国家,经济上自给自足,政治上君主专制。鸦片战争后,资本主义列强东来,它们既是“强盗”,也是“先生”,侵略中国的同时,也给中国带来了西方的先进文化,其中包括近代科学技术、近代资本主义经济形式和资产阶级的民主自由价值观。 ——《历史学科专题讲座》

根据材料一和所学知识,概述19世纪“西方的优势地位”表现在哪些方面

答案

参考答案:经济:19世纪最显著的是西欧与北美因工业革命促成的技术与经济上的进步。 政治:民族主义兴起,使多数欧洲民族建立起属于自己的现代国家,并开始建立与保存本国的历史与文化。在欧洲还诞生了马克思主义。 军事:这些工业国家透过强大的生产力与武器,成功殖民世界大多数地区,并以倾销的方式破坏许多古文明国度,如中国、印度、土耳其既有的社会与经济体系。 科技文化:各种自然科学学科,如物理、化学、生物学、地质学等皆逐渐成形,并影响到社会科学(包含社会学、人类学、历史学等)的诞生或重塑。在艺术上,18世纪流行的新古典主义艺术逐渐被浪漫主义替代。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Imagine a world 400 years ago where children were used as chimney sweeps. The pay was low, it was

a dirty trade and there was little reward for the men who did the job and even less for children.

     Medway's annual Sweeps Festival recreates the joy and laughter enjoyed by the chimney sweeps at their

traditional holiday: the one time of the year the sweeps could leave the soot (烟灰) behind and have some fun.

The sweeps' holiday was traditionally held on 1 May each year. Locally, they used to mark the occasion by

staging a procession through the streets of Rochester.

     Their fun continued with the Jack-in-the-Green ceremony, a seven-foot character that they used to waken

at dawn on Blue Bell Hill, Chatham. The Jack-in-the-Green would walk with the chimney sweeps in their

parade. When the Climbing Boys' Act 1868 made it illegal to employ young boys to carry out the trade, the

traditional procession gradually began to fade. The final May celebration was held in the early 1900s.

     The modern day Rochester Sweeps Festival is a colorful mix of music, dancing and entertainment with

more than 60 Morris sides and entertainers celebrating throughout the three-day festival. The festival was

revived in 1981 by local businessman Gordon Newton, a keen historian. He decided it was time to bring it

back and over the years he has helped develop the festival into what it is today-an excellent performance of

traditional Britain.

     Gordon researched the Sweeps' tradition and organized a small parade, involving local Morris teams. In

time, Medway Council took over organization of the festival but Gordon remained actively involved. Today

he is festival producer and plays melodeon (簧风琴) for several Morris teams. Doug Hudson is the festival's

music director, a role he has held for many years. Through Gordon's vision and hard work, Doug's musical

ability and the council's help, the Rochester Sweeps Festival has become the largest May Day celebration of

its kind in the country.

1. According to the writer, chimney sweeps _____.

A. were highly respected

B. were well rewarded

C. led a hard life in the past

D. worked in good conditions

2. Medway's Sweeps Festival _____.

A. has been organized by the Jack-in-the-Green

B. dated back to the May celebration in the early 1900s

C. is held to honor those chimney sweeps every other year

D. has become a time for chimney sweeps to enjoy themselves

3. The underlined word "revived" in the 4th paragraph most probably means _____.

A. realize

B. review

C. recreate

D. recognize

4. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A. the festival has never been supported by the local government

B. The festival is a good way to see British folk customs in action

C. youngsters has been forbidden to be chimney sweeps since 1981

D. the modern festival lasts five days celebrating the coming of spring

5. What is the passage mainly concerned about?

A. Sweeps Festival history

B. Medway's traditional holidays

C. Climbing Boys' Act 1868

D. a procession in Rochester

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