问题 问答题

试述软件开发工具的发展方向。

答案

参考答案:从目前的软件开发工具的发展来看,智能化、网络化、一体化、标准化是值得重视的几个方向。智能化就是在软件开发工具的研究与使用中引用人工智能、神经网络等技术,使得软件开发工具对于不确定性的信息、模糊信息具有更强的处理能力。由于软件开发工作中存在着大量不确定的因素,人们常常需要用知识与经验来加以补充或加工。在这方面,人工智能技术可以提高信息处理的功能及效率。
网络的应用是计算机应用领域中的一个重要方向。通过网络,人们可以更方便地互通信息、共享知识,这就给人们期望的软件重用、知识重用提供了新的机会。如在项目管理方面,网络的应用使人们更便于掌握项目的进展状况、质量状况等。正因为这样,目前利用网络提供条件,提高工作效率的软件开发工具,以及在网络上开发应用软件的工具,正在成为当前发展的一个热点。例如专门用于网络环境的HTML和Java正在受到越来越多的人的关注。
一体化的趋势早在20世纪80年代后期已经十分明显。但是,在开始时人们显然低估了一体化的困难。许多教训告诉我们,困难不在于技术上的问题(如速度、容量等)。而在于对软件开发过程与相关信息的认识深度。只有对软件开发中涉及的各种信息以及开发过程中它们的发生、变化、关系、一致性等有了完整与深刻的理解,才能真正实现软件开发工具的一体化。近年来关于信息库的内容及处理功能的讨论,从理论上为实现一体化提供了基础。另外,客户/服务器结构和浏览器/服务器结构的发展也为实现软件开发工具的一体化提供了启发与新思路。标准化的问题是由软件部件、组合软件的想法引起的。为了解决大型软件开发的困难,需要把软件开发工作分成两个部分:软件构件(就像硬件的芯片)的开发和用这些构件组成大型软件(就像用芯片组成主机)。显然,要做到这一点,软件构件必须实现标准化,用构件组成大型软件的结构也必须符合一定的标准,否则就不可能提高生产效率。围绕这一思想,一些标准已经提出,如CORBA、COM101等等。可以预计,今后几年内在这方面还会有新的进展。

单项选择题
填空题

How many of us would temp for three years while we waited for the perfect job Not many of us, perhaps. But Wentworth Miller, the "Prison Break" star, said he chose to wait even longer time (1) he found the right job.
"Actually I think it might have been three or four years until I was lucky enough to get guest (2) on TV shows," said Miller, 34, who rose to international stardom (3) to "Prison Break" in 2006. That kind of patience and p will was portrayed in "Prison Break". Miller (4) engineering wizard Michael Scofield, who tries everything to break out of a Chicago (5) with his brother. Miller said he was fond of his character, (6) he said "exists in shades of grey".
Miller comes from a (7) of teachers. He said he didn’t seem fated for a career in the arts, (8) his passion for acting. After (9) from Princeton with an English degree, he moved (10) his parents’ request to Los Angeles to look for a stable life. He started (11) in a little company that made television movies. This (12) simply faxing, filing, walking the boss’ dog and going to the store for the boss’ lunch. Every weekend during the summer, Miller (13) go to the office (14) he didn’t have air-conditioning. "I would hang (15) in the conference room and set up camp and rob the company kitchen," recalled Miller.
(16) , Miller realized he still had questions about his choice. He decided to quit. But the boss said he was making a mistake and offered him a well-paid assistant position. "I eventually (17) that if I did the corporate job, it would be great if I was successful, but I would always wonder about the (18) . If I did the acting and was successful, I would never wonder (19) that job," he explained. He quit and temped (20) many people in the entertainment industry.
Now, he’s a hot star and has people coming up to him at film festivals saying, "Weren’t you the one who (21) to stand by the copy machine "
"That was tough, but I’m glad I have that perspective. Because now I’m at a point (22) big shots laugh at all my jokes and I think, You know, I got coffee for people like you for six years’. So I know what’s (23) , because I’ve seen the other side." But what if, when he was offered the corporate job, there had been more money "It was never about the (24) There’s a kind of excitement that comes along with acting. I can’t find it anywhere else. Even if I had to go back to temping, even if this is not the beginning of an amazing career, I would not (25) making that jum
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