问题 问答题

甲、乙两公司采用合同书形式订立了一份买卖合同,双方约定由甲公司向乙公司提供100台精密仪器,甲公司于8月31日前交货,并负责将货物运至乙公司,乙公司在收到货物后10日内付清货款。合同订立后双方均未签字盖章。
7月28日,甲公司与丙运输公司订立货物运输合同,双方约定由丙公司将100台精密仪器运至乙公司。8月1日,丙公司先运了70台精密仪器至乙公司,乙公司全部收到,并于8月8日将70台精密仪器的货款付清。
8月20日,甲公司掌握了乙公司转移财产、逃避债务的确切证据,随即通知丙公司暂停运输其余30台精密仪器,并通知乙公司中止交货,要求乙公司提供担保;乙公司及时提供了担保。
8月26日,甲公司通知丙公司将其余30台精密仪器运往乙公司,丙公司在运输途中因发生水灾,造成泥石流将30台精密仪器全部毁损,致使甲公司8月31日前不能按时全部交货。
9月5日,乙公司要求甲公司承担违约责任。
丙运输公司同时还经营客运服务,在当年发生的客运业务中,出现了以下情况:
(1)长途大巴运送一批乘客至哈尔滨,该批乘客的车票注明所乘坐汽车为普通大巴,但丙公司在启运当天以普通大巴故障为由将该车次改为豪华空调大巴,并要求该批乘客补交票款。
(2)市内公交车载运乘客过程中,某一位乘客因突发心脏病在车上身亡,经查,该车的乘务员已经尽力挽救该乘客。
要求:根据以上事实及《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定,回答下列问题:
(1)甲、乙公司订立的买卖合同是否成立简要说明理由。
(2)甲公司8月20日中止履行合同的行为是否合法简要说明理由。
(3)乙公司9月5日要求甲公司承担违约责任的行为是否合法简要说明理由。
(4)丙公司对货物毁损是否应承担责任简要说明理由。
(5)丙公司将普通大巴改为豪华空调大巴并要求旅客补交票款的行为是否合法简要说明理由。
(6)对于公交车上乘客因心脏病身亡的损害赔偿责任是否应由丙公司承担简要说明理由。

答案

参考答案:(1)买卖合同成立。在一般情况下,承诺作出生效后合同即成立,但在一些特殊情况下,合同成立的具体时间依不同情况而定。如采用合同书形式订立合同,在签字或者盖章之前,当事人一方已经履行主要义务,对方接受的,该合同成立。在本题中,虽然甲、乙双方没有在合同书上字盖章,但甲公司已经将70台精密仪器交付了乙公司,乙公司也接受并付款,所以合同成立。
(2)甲公司的行为合法。根据《合同法》的规定,应当先履行债务的当事人,有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的,可以中止履行:①对方经营状况严重恶化。②对方有转移财产、抽逃资金,以逃避债务的情形。③对方丧失商业信誉。④对方有丧失或可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。
(3)乙公司9月5日要求甲公司承担违约责任的行为不合法。根据《合同法》的规定,当事人因不可抗力造成违约的,不需要向对方承担违约责任。
(4)丙公司对货物毁损不应承担损害赔偿责任。在法律有特别规定的情况下,可以免除当事人的违约责任。根据《合同法》的规定,承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担损害赔偿责任,但承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的,不承担损害赔偿责任。
(5)丙公司将普通大巴改为豪华空调大巴并要求旅客补交票款的行为不合法。根据规定,承运人擅自变更运输工具而降低服务标准的,应当根据旅客的要求退票或者减收票款;提高服务标准的,不应当加收票款。
(6)公交车上乘客因心脏病身亡的损害赔偿责任不应由丙公司承担。根据规定,承运人在运输过程中,应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任,但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。本题中,是因为该乘客自身健康原因造成的伤亡,不应该由丙公司承担损害赔偿。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village and each of them was built around its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them with refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out early to do a day’s trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Although no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk.

The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods sold in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.

Yet there were plainly people who were tempted to “forestall the market” by buying goods outside it, and to “regrate” them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.

Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, followed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time in the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.

The expression “forestall the market” ( Line 1, Para. 3) probably means()

A. to buy goods from a stall outside the market place

B. to acquire goods in quantity before the market

C. to have the best and the first stall in the market

D. to sell at a higher price than competitors