问题 单项选择题

阅读下面短文,完成下面4个小题:  将战术的基本规律抽象出来,用数字方法演绎出一套理论和战术原则,这就是数理战术学。数理战术学是数学与战术的交叉,是现代科学技术方法在战术研究中的应用。数理战术学把反映作战过程中最本质、最要害的东西抽象出来;将交战和伤亡过程用微分方程、差分方程和随机过程的方式加以描述;将作战目的抽象为目标函数;将双方指挥员看作为“理智的”,即却为争取实现各自最大的利益而努力;从而建立起公理化的数模型,并在此基础上进行科学演绎。这就是数理战术学的基本研究方法。  数理战术学的起源可以追溯到第一次世界大战时期,英国工程师F·W·兰彻斯特在1915年提出的关于空战战术的尝试性数学模型――兰彻斯特(Lanchester)方程,他在这个模型中――用常微分方程组描述敌对双方兵力的消灭过程,定性地说明了集中兵力的原理。二次大战以来,对Lanchester方程的研究有很大的发展,又出现了随机格斗等其他描述战斗过程的数学模型。但截止20世纪80年代,数学在战术学中的应用只停留在模型阶段,主要用于分析、预测战争的可能。并未与战略战术决策深入结合。  20世纪90年代初期,许多中国学者将数学公理化方法引入战术研究,提出了“规范战模式”等一系列新概念,将武器装备的效价、作战效果与火力分配策略等概念有机结合起来。武器装备的效价以其在作战中的效果来衡量,而作战效果以对对方总效价的毁伤来衡量,不仅依赖于其性能,而且取决于火力分配策略以及对方的效价;火力分配策略则总是以获得尽可能大的作战效果为目标。将这些原则用公理的形式表达,给出了统一的定义,证明了规范交战模式的存在与惟一性定理,给出了有关算法。由此引伸出来的一系列结果符合战术常识,深化了定性研究的结果,对战术概念有所创新,对战术运用有积极的指导意义。 下列说法是,都属于“数理战术学的基本研究方法”的一组是( )。  ①用数学方法演绎出战术理论、战术原则  ②用某些数学方程来描述交战过程  ③在战术研究中应用科学技术  ④用一些数学函数表示作战目的  ⑤用公理化的数学模型演绎战术规律

A.①②③

B.②④⑤

C.③④⑤

D.①③⑤

答案

参考答案:B

完形填空
完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,共30分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白出的最佳选项。
After 42-year-old guy Tom had quitted his job, he began to make up his mind to become a freelance (self-employed) writer, no one could tell for sure whether he would succeed or not.He found a cold storage room in a building, set up a(n)  21  typewriter and settled down to work.
After a year or so, however, Tom began to  22  himself.He found it was difficult to earn his living by  23  what he wrote.But Tom determined to put his dream to the test —  24  it meant living with uncertainty and fear of  25 .This is the shadowland of hope, and  26  with a dream must learn to live there.
One day Tom got a call, “We need a(n)  27 , and we’re paying $6,000 a year.” $6,000 was  28  money in 1960.It would enable Tom to get a nice apartment, a used car and more. 29 , he could write on the side. 30  the dollars were dancing in Tom’s head, something  31  his senses.He had dreamed of being a  32  — full time.“Thanks, but no,” Tom said  33 .“I’m going to stick it out and write.”
After Tom got off the phone, he  34  everything he had: two cans of vegetables and 18 cents.Tom put the cans and cents into a  35  bag, saying to himself, “There’s everything you’ve made of yourself so far.”
  Finally his work was  36  in 1970.Instantly he had the kind of fame and success that  37  writers ever experience.The shadows had turned into limelight.
  Then one day, Tom  38  a box filled with things he had owned years before 39  was a paper bag with two cans and 18 cents.Suddenly he  40 himself working in that cold storage room.It reminds Tom, and anyone with a dream, of the courage and persistence it takes to stay the course in the shadowland.
小题1:
A.excellentB.usedC.expensiveD.priceless
小题2:
A.regretB.hateC.doubtD.trust
小题3:
A.sellingB.buyingC.readingD.appreciating
小题4:
A.Now thatB.What ifC.As ifD.Even though
小题5:
A.successB.failureC.perspiration D.loss
小题6:
A.someoneB.noneC.nobodyD.anyone
小题7:
A.bossB.assistantC.managerD.writer
小题8:
A.falseB.littleC.realD.high
小题9:
A.HoweverB.StillC.BesidesD.Therefore
小题10:
A.AsB.ButC.IfD.Because
小题11:
A.hurtB.destroyedC.clearedD.struck
小题12:
A.driverB.assistantC.writerD.dancer
小题13:
A.hesitantlyB.firmlyC.slowlyD.hurriedly
小题14:
A.pulled outB.pulled apartC.pulled backD.pulled down
小题15:
A.clothB.metalC.plasticD.paper
小题16:
A.writtenB.publishedC.completedD.punished
小题17:
A.fewB.greatC.famousD.poor
小题18:
A.soughtB.searchedC.foundD.picked
小题19:
A.AboveB.BelowC.OutsideD.Inside
小题20:
A.calledB.picturedC.describedD.reminded
单项选择题