问题 问答题

本题为必选题,请在Ⅰ、Ⅱ两道试题中选取一道作答。

人们通常不会把学生在写字时已能熟练控制自己的手部运动称之为动作技能的学习,请您就动作技能获得的阶段及其影响因素作逐一描述。

答案

参考答案:动作技能是一种需要通过学习才能获得的能力,表现在迅速、精确、流畅和娴熟的身体运动之中。它实际上有两种成分,一是描述如何进行动作的规则;二是因练习和反馈而逐渐变得精确和连贯的实际肌肉运动。
(1)动作技能的获得阶段
①认知阶段。认知阶段也称知觉阶段。这一阶段主要是理解学习任务,并形成目标意象和目标期望。目标意象主要是指学习者对自己解决问题的目标模式反应和动作形式,在头脑中形成一个表象,即明确解决问题的目标模式。而目标期望则是对自己的作业水平的估价,即明确自己能做得如何。这两种期望都起着学习定向作用。
②联系形成阶段。在这一阶段,重点是使适当的刺激与反应形成联系。即使是一个简单的动作所包含的刺激和反应也非常复杂,所以联系的形成比想象的要复杂得多。在这一阶段,必须排除过去经验中习惯的干扰。
③自动化阶段。技能学习进入这一阶段时,一长串的动作系列似乎是自动流出来的,无需特殊的注意和纠正。技能逐步由脑的较低级中枢控制。人们可以一面从事熟练的活动,一面考虑其他的事情。
(2)影响动作技能的因素
影响动作技能的因素包括知识经验和生理成熟;已有动作技能;言语指导;示范;练习与反馈。
①知识经验和生理成熟。学生掌握的动作技能是随知识经验的增长而提高的。这是因为知识经验的增长、认知水平的提高,能使学生更深刻领会技能形成的要求和细则,理解教师的指导和启发;能使学生有较强的自控力和稳定的注意力,持之以恒地完成技能动作的学习;能使学生更有意义地将局部技能联结起来,并在技能形成的联系阶段迅速无误地回忆出这一动作技能的操作程序。学生动作技能的形成还受到生理成熟因素的影响。成熟的生理条件有助于学生动作技能的形成。
②已有动作技能。已有动作技能与目前将要学习的技能的关系有时为从属关系,有时为并列关系。作为从属关系,这些已有技能表现为现在要学习的技能的局部技能。要学会这个总括技能,首先必须将已经学会的局部技能回忆出来,从而使总括技能的学习得以实现。如果已经形成的局部技能在运用时回忆不起来,就会使联系阶段的学习中断。作为并列关系,已有动作技能表现为目前将要学习的技能的同位技能。蕴含其中的共同因素会产生迁移作用。但是必须指出,先前学习的技能也会干扰后面学习的技能。当先前学习的技能未达到完全熟练、巩固的程度时,干扰会加速发生。
③言语指导。在动作技能形成的整个过程中,教师的言语指导能帮助学生区别技能之间的异同点,加速学生动作技能的形成,加深学生对动作技能形成的任务要求的认识,尤其在初期认知阶段,教师的言语指导作用更大。随着学习的进行,教师的言语参与越来越少,但在学生记忆中贮存的指导语言经常地在发生作用,为学生动作技能学习指明方向。
④示范。在学生学习动作技能时,教师展现相关的模型、仪器、图片或亲自操作、演示,会有言语指导所无法企及的作用。运用示范,学生可以直接观察到需要绘制或制作的地理物体的结构、形状,在头脑中留有深刻的、清晰的地理表象,以指导自己的学习。教师的亲自操作更是如此。当然示范也有不具备语言指导的某些作用,如提示、加深、补充说明等作用,同时也不具有学生亲自实践的优越性。
⑤练习与反馈。学生亲自参加练习是很重要的影响因素。动作技能是通过练习而形成的。一般说来,动作技能的精确性、速度、协调性是随着练习次数增多而提高的。练习固然是动作技能学习的重要影响因素,但并非任何练习都会取得良好的效果。研究表明,明确练习的目的要求,掌握正确练习方法和练习速度,适当分配练习时间和次数,灵活安排练习方式,让学生知道练习结果等,都是取得良好学习效果的途径。尤其是给学习者在练习过程中提供适当的反馈信息,让学生知道练习结果,是提高练习的上乘方法。

选择题
阅读理解

As a boy I was always small for my age. I was also five years younger than one of my brothers and seven years younger than the other. As a result I often felt left out when their friends came over to play. I was either too small or too young for whatever they were doing and they didn't want their younger brother listening in on their conversations either. More often than not I found myself outside playing alone and feeling forgotten.

I remember one spring afternoon feeling especially lonely as I sat in the yard behind our house. We lived miles from town and I rarely saw my own friends outside of school. I heard my brothers laughing from inside the house and felt a single tear coming down my cheek. At that moment I saw a large brown dog walking over to me. He looked happy and his tail was wagging as well. Even though he didn't know me he greeted me like a long lost friend, licking my chin and sitting beside me on the spring grass. It must have been at least an hour that I petted and talked to this four-legged angel. He let me pour out all my troubles and share my deepest thoughts before he kissed my cheek goodbye and ambled off either to Heaven or his home. I went back inside feeling happy, knowing that no matter what life may hold I was loved. Now over 40 years later I still remember that angel with a smile.

I believe that God sent him in that moment of sadness to remind me just how much he loved me. There is nothing more important than knowing we are loved. When we are loved, we will learn to love others. Learning to love helps us to understand ourselves and other people better.

小题1:How did the writer feel when his brothers’ friends came?

A.Proud.

B.Lonely.

C.Worried.

D.Happy.小题2:The writer shared his troubles and thoughts with the dog because ______.

it was his friend

B. it could understand him

C. it was friendly to him 

D. it looked like an angel

小题3:From Paragraph 2, we can learn that ______.

A.the boy met a long lost friend

B.the boy had no friends at school

C.the dog helped the boy realize that he was loved

D.the dog spent the afternoon with the boy and his brothers小题4:The author wrote the story to______.

A.encourage people to talk about their troubles

B.tell people they should treat animals friendly

C.share his unforgettable experience with us

D.show knowing you are loved is the most important