问题 问答题 案例分析题

材料一:“哥伦布交换”比早先的物种交流有着更为深远的意义。与早先的物种交流不同,“哥伦布交换”涉及了很多根本不同的动植物品种和疾病。……传入美洲和大洋洲的新疾病给土著居民造成了大量的人口损失,并为欧洲的征服和殖民铺平了道路。这些疾病中,天花是由欧洲人传入的。

材料二:航海乃是谋求本共和国福利与安全最重要手段,自公元1651年12月1日起及从此以后……无论为英国人或别国人的殖民地所生长、出产或制造的任何货物或商品,如非由属于本共和国人民所有的任何种类船舶载运,皆不得输入或带进英吉利共和国或……殖民地……如违反本条例,其全部进口货物,应予没收,运载该项货物或商品入口的船舶……亦应一并没收。

——《航海条例》(1651年10月)

材料三:为什么世界历史应从1500年开始?……回答是,1500年以前,人类基本上生活在彼此隔绝的地区中。各种族集团实际上以完全与世隔绝的方式散居各地。直到1500年前后,各种族集团之间才第一次有了直接的交往。从那时起,它们才终于联系在一起,无论是南非的布须曼人、有教养的中国官吏,还是原始的巴塔哥尼亚人。

——斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史·1500年以后的世界》

材料四:大工业……首次开创了世界历史,因为它使每个文明国家以及这些国家中的每一个人的需要的满足都依赖于整个世界,因为它消灭了以往自然形成的各国的孤立状态。

——马克思《德意志意识形态》

材料三、四关于“世界历史”的开创(开始)提出了怎样不同的看法?

答案

参考答案:

材料三认为世界历史开始于世界各地区、各种族集团由隔绝走向联系和交往。材料四认为大工业开创了世界历史。

解析:分别归纳材料三和材料四的观点即可看出二者的不同之处,即材料三认为世界历史开始于世界各地区、各种族集团由隔绝走向联系和交往,以新航路的开辟为起点;材料四认为大工业开创了世界历史,以工业革命为起点。

单项选择题
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     Australian Flag Designs by Readers of the Sun-Herald

     We received dozens of responses after inviting readers to send in their designs for a new flag. The designs we received include:

     James Anthony, Drummoyne

     James reduces the Union Jack down in size and changes its shape to become a reminder of the British tradition rather than canceling it altogether. At the same time he suggests enlarging the stars of the Southern Cross. His design attempts to use the best of both worlds in a newly designed flag.

As he says, "the British part of the Australian Flag is too big and the Australian bits are too small. When you make the stars bigger the Australian flag can look impressive."

     Joe Bollen, Turranmurra

     Joe's flag has the main elements of a risen sun, white horizon(地平线), red earth at the base and the Southern Cross. He intends to make the risen sun a special Australian symbol on the flag. He believes it represents life. The Southern Cross shows that we live in the Southern Hemisphere. (半球)

     Maria Ieraci, Sydney

     Maria deleted the Union Jack but otherwise kept the flag as is with the Southern Cross and Federation Star. She says, 'There is only one correct way to change the Australian flag" and that is "to drop the Union Jack-when Australia becomes a Republic", which she hopes will be before 2010.

     Ron Bennett, Sydney

     Ron recommends using the Aboriginal colors but replacing their image of the sun with the map of Australia. He says, "Australia is unique being an island continent with an instantly recognizable outline at that" and "this will leave no doubt as to which country the flag belongs."

1. Which of the four designs can remind you of the past of the country?

A. Joe's  

B. Maria's  

C. Ron's  

D. Jame's

2. The Southern Cross in some of the designs represents _________.

A. the spirit of the nation  

B. the position of the country  

C. the tradition of Britain  

D. the expectations of the people

3. What does the Union Jack refer to?

A.the British flag    

B. A former British ruler  

C. group of stars      

D. A former symbol of Australia